1. Other pages in this release
Other commentary from the latest labour market data can be found on the following pages:
Nôl i'r tabl cynnwys2. Main points for March to May 2019
The UK employment rate was estimated at 76.0%, higher than a year earlier (75.6%); on the quarter, the rate was 0.1 percentage points lower, the first quarterly decrease since June to August 2018.
The UK unemployment rate was estimated at 3.8%; it has not been lower since October to December 1974.
The UK economic inactivity rate was estimated at 20.9%, lower than a year earlier (21.0%).
The data in this bulletin come from the Labour Force Survey, a survey of households. It is not practical to survey every household each quarter, so these statistics are estimates based on a large sample.
3. Analysis of employment in the UK
Employment
Figure 1: Employment rate for women was 72.0%, the joint-highest on record
UK employment rates (aged 16 to 64 years), seasonally adjusted, January to March 1971 to March to May 2019
Source: Office for National Statistics – Labour Force Survey
Download this chart Figure 1: Employment rate for women was 72.0%, the joint-highest on record
Image .csv .xlsEmployment measures the number of people aged 16 years and over in paid work. The employment rate is the proportion of people aged from 16 to 64 years who are in paid work.
Estimated employment rates for men and women aged between 16 and 64 years have been generally increasing since early 2012. For March to May 2019, the estimated employment rate:
for everyone was estimated at 76.0%, higher than a year earlier (75.6%); on the quarter, the rate was 0.1 percentage points lower, the first quarterly decrease since June to August 2018
for men was 80.2%; slightly higher than a year earlier (80.1%)
for women was 72.0%, the joint-highest since comparable records began in 1971
The increase in the employment rate for women in recent years is due partly to changes to the State Pension age for women, resulting in fewer women retiring between the ages of 60 and 65 years.
Figure 2: Over the last five years the overall employment rate increased from 72.9% to 76.0%
UK employment rate (all people aged 16 to 64 years), seasonally adjusted, March to May 2014 to March to May 2019
Source: Office for National Statistics – Labour Force Survey
Download this chart Figure 2: Over the last five years the overall employment rate increased from 72.9% to 76.0%
Image .csv .xls
Figure 3: The highest employment rate, at 85.5%, was for those aged from 35 to 49 years
UK employment rates by age band, seasonally adjusted, March to May 2019
Source: Office for National Statistics – Labour Force Survey
Notes:
- FTE means full-time education. The "not in FTE" series includes people in part-time education and/or training.
Download this chart Figure 3: The highest employment rate, at 85.5%, was for those aged from 35 to 49 years
Image .csv .xlsLooking at the estimates for employment rates by age band for March to May 2019, the highest were for those aged from 35 to 49 years (85.5%) and for those aged from 25 to 34 years (84.5%).
Figure 4: More than half of the annual increase in the number of people in work occurred among those aged from 50 to 64 years
Changes in numbers of people in employment, seasonally adjusted, between March to May 2018 and March to May 2019
Source: Office for National Statistics - Labour Force Survey
Download this chart Figure 4: More than half of the annual increase in the number of people in work occurred among those aged from 50 to 64 years
Image .csv .xlsEstimates for March to May 2019 show 32.75 million people aged 16 years and over in employment, 354,000 more than for a year earlier. This annual increase of 354,000 was mainly due to more people working full-time (up 247,000 on the year to reach 24.09 million). Part-time working also showed an increase of 107,000 on the year to reach 8.66 million.
Looking at the estimates for March to May 2019 by type of employment, there were:
27.63 million paid employees (84.4% of all people in employment), 188,000 more than a year earlier
4.96 million self-employed people (15.1% of all people in employment), 167,000 more than a year earlier
These estimates for paid employees and self-employed people make up over 99% of all people in employment. The total employment figure also includes two other minor categories as explained in the Guide to labour market statistics.
Figure 5: Hours worked by women have increased steadily since records began in 1971
Total weekly hours worked in the UK, seasonally adjusted, January to March 1971 to March to May 2019
Source: Office for National Statistics – Labour Force Survey
Download this chart Figure 5: Hours worked by women have increased steadily since records began in 1971
Image .csv .xlsSince estimates began in 1971, total hours worked by women have generally increased, reflecting increases in both the employment rate for women and the UK population. In contrast, total hours worked by men have been relatively stable. This is because falls in the employment rate for men have been roughly offset by population increases.
Between March to May 2018 and March to May 2019:
hours worked in the UK increased by 1.9% (to reach 1.05 billion hours)
the number of people in employment in the UK increased by 1.1% (to reach 32.75 million)
Unemployment
Figure 6: Unemployment rates have been generally falling for the last five years
UK unemployment rates (aged 16 years and over), seasonally adjusted, January to March 1971 to March to May 2019
Source: Office for National Statistics – Labour Force Survey
Download this chart Figure 6: Unemployment rates have been generally falling for the last five years
Image .csv .xlsUnemployment measures people without a job who have been actively seeking work within the last four weeks and are available to start work within the next two weeks. The unemployment rate is the proportion of all employed and unemployed people (not the proportion of the total population) who are unemployed.
Estimated unemployment rates for both men and women aged 16 years and over have been generally falling since late 2013.
For March to May 2019, the estimated unemployment rate:
for everyone was 3.8%; it has not been lower since October to December 1974
for men was 4.0%, slightly lower than a year earlier (4.2%)
for women was 3.6%, the lowest since comparable records began in 1971
Figure 7: Unemployment rates for men and women have been steadily falling for the last five years
UK unemployment rates (aged 16 years and over), seasonally adjusted, March to May 2014 to March to May 2019
Source: Office for National Statistics – Labour Force Survey
Download this chart Figure 7: Unemployment rates for men and women have been steadily falling for the last five years
Image .csv .xlsOver the last five years the estimated unemployment rate:
for all people fell from 6.4% to 3.8%
for men fell from 6.6% to 4.0%
for women fell from 6.2% to 3.6%
Figure 8: Over the last five years long-term unemployment has more than halved
Unemployment in the UK by duration (aged 16 years and over), seasonally adjusted, March to May 2014 to March to May 2019
Source: Office for National Statistics – Labour Force Survey
Download this chart Figure 8: Over the last five years long-term unemployment has more than halved
Image .csv .xlsFor March to May 2019, an estimated 1.29 million people were unemployed, 116,000 fewer than a year earlier and 820,000 fewer than five years earlier. Looking in more detail at this fall of 820,000 unemployed people over the last five years:
people unemployed for up to 6 months fell by 246,000 to 766,000
people out of work for between 6 and 12 months fell by 160,000 to 187,000
the largest fall was for people unemployed for over one year (down 414,000 to 340,000)
Economic inactivity
Economic inactivity measures people without a job but who are not classed as unemployed because they have not been actively seeking work within the last four weeks and/or they are unable to start work within the next two weeks. Our headline measure of economic inactivity is for those aged from 16 to 64 years.
Since comparable records began in 1971, the economic inactivity rate for all people aged from 16 to 64 years has been generally falling (although it increased during recessions). This is due to a gradual fall in the economic inactivity rate for women.
Figure 10: Overall inactivity rate for people aged from 16 to 64 years was 20.9%
UK economic inactivity rate (all people aged 16 to 64 years), seasonally adjusted, January to March 1971 to March to May 2019
Source: Office for National Statistics – Labour Force Survey
Download this chart Figure 10: Overall inactivity rate for people aged from 16 to 64 years was 20.9%
Image .csv .xlsFor people aged from 16 to 64 years, for March to May 2019, the estimated economic inactivity rate:
for all people was 20.9%, close to a record low
for men was 16.4%
for women was 25.3%
Estimates for March to May 2019 showed 8.62 million people aged from 16 to 64 years not in the labour force (economically inactive). This was:
43,000 fewer than a year earlier
307,000 fewer than five years earlier
Figure 11: More women in the labour force is the main cause of the fall in economic inactivity
Changes in the number of economically inactive people (aged 16 to 64 years) in the UK, seasonally adjusted, between March to May 2014 and March to May 2019
Source: Office for National Statistics - Labour Force Survey
Download this chart Figure 11: More women in the labour force is the main cause of the fall in economic inactivity
Image .csv .xlsLooking in more detail at the estimated fall of 307,000 in economic inactivity over the last five years, the categories showing the largest falls were:
women younger than 65 years retiring from the labour force (down 217,000)
women looking after the family or home (down 259,000)
This reflects ongoing changes to the State Pension age, resulting in fewer women retiring between the ages of 60 and 65 years, as well as more women in younger age groups participating in the labour market.
Nôl i'r tabl cynnwys4. Employment data
The data in this bulletin follow internationally accepted definitions specified by the International Labour Organisation. This ensures that the estimates for the UK are comparable with those for other countries.
Employment, unemployment and economic inactivity
Dataset A05 SA | Released 16 July 2019
Estimates of UK employment, unemployment and economic inactivity broken down into age bands.
Full-time, part-time and temporary workers
Dataset EMP01 SA | Released 16 July 2019
Estimates of UK employment including a breakdown by sex, type of employment and full-time and part-time working.
Actual weekly hours worked
Dataset HOUR01 SA | Released 16 July 2019
Estimates for the hours that people in employment work in the UK.
Unemployment by age and duration
Dataset UNEM01 SA | Released 16 July 2019
Estimates of unemployment in the UK including a breakdown by sex, age group and the length of time people are unemployed.
Economic inactivity by reason
Dataset INAC01 SA | Released 16 July 2019
Estimates of those not in the UK labour force measured by the reasons given for inactivity.
5. Glossary
Actual and usual hours worked
Statistics for usual hours worked measure how many hours people usually work per week. Compared with actual hours worked, they are not affected by absences and so can provide a better measure of normal working patterns. For example, a person who usually works 37 hours a week but who was on holiday for a particular week would be recorded as working zero actual hours for that week while usual hours would be recorded as 37.
Economic inactivity
People not in the labour force (also known as economically inactive) are not in employment but do not meet the internationally accepted definition of unemployment because they have not been seeking work within the last four weeks and/or they are unable to start work in the next two weeks. The economic inactivity rate is the proportion of people aged from 16 to 64 years who are not in the labour force.
Employment
Employment measures the number of people in paid work and differs from the number of jobs because some people have more than one job. The employment rate is the proportion of people aged from 16 to 64 years who are in paid work. A more detailed explanation is available in our Guide to labour market statistics.
Unemployment
Unemployment measures people without a job who have been actively seeking work within the last four weeks and are available to start work within the next two weeks. The unemployment rate is not the proportion of the total population who are unemployed. It is the proportion of the economically active population (those in work plus those seeking and available to work) who are unemployed.
A more detailed glossary is available.
Nôl i'r tabl cynnwys6. Measuring the data
This bulletin relies on data collected from the Labour Force Survey, the largest household survey in the UK.
The Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) report pulls together important qualitative information on the various dimensions of data quality, as well as providing a summary of the methods used to compile the output.
The Labour Force Survey performance and quality monitoring reports provide data on response rates and other quality-related issues for the Labour Force Survey.
Nôl i'r tabl cynnwys7. Strengths and limitations
The figures in this bulletin come from the Labour Force Survey, which gathers information from a sample of households across the UK rather than from the whole population. The sample is designed to be as accurate as possible given practical limitations such as time and cost constraints. Results from sample surveys are always estimates, not precise figures. This can have an impact on how changes in the estimates should be interpreted, especially for short-term comparisons.
As the number of people available in the sample gets smaller, the variability of the estimates that we can make from that sample size gets larger. Estimates for small groups (for example, unemployed people aged from 16 to 17 years), which are based on quite small subsets of the Labour Force Survey sample, are less reliable and tend to be more volatile than for larger aggregated groups (for example, the total number of unemployed people).
In general, changes in the numbers (and especially the rates) reported in this bulletin between three-month periods are small and are not usually greater than the level that can be explained by sampling variability. Short- term movements in reported rates should be considered alongside longer-term patterns in the series and corresponding movements in other sources to give a fuller picture.
Further information is available in A guide to labour market statistics.
Estimate (seasonally adjusted) | Sampling variability of estimate (1) | Change on quarter | Sampling variability of change on quarter (1) | Change on year | Sampling variability of change on year (1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Employment (thousands of people aged 16 years and over) | 32,749 | ± 176 | 28 | ± 149 | 354 | ± 237 |
Employment rate (%, aged 16 to 64 years) | 76.0% | ± 0.4 | -0.1 | ± 0.3 | 0.4 | ± 0.5 |
Unemployment (thousands of people aged 16 years and over) | 1,292 | ± 67 | -51 | ± 73 | -116 | ± 95 |
Unemployment rate (%, aged 16 years and over) | 3.8% | ± 0.2 | -0.1 | ± 0.2 | -0.4 | ± 0.3 |
Economically inactive (thousands of people aged 16 to 64 years) | 8,619 | ± 155 | 83 | ± 133 | -43 | ± 207 |
Economic inactivity rate (%, aged 16 to 64 years) | 20.9% | ± 0.4 | 0.2 | ± 0.3 | -0.1 | ± 0.5 |
Download this table Table 1: Summary of UK employment estimates for March to May 2019, seasonally adjusted
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