Employment in the UK: August 2022

Estimates of employment, unemployment and economic inactivity for the UK.

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Cyswllt:
Email Bob Watson

Dyddiad y datganiad:
16 August 2022

Cyhoeddiad nesaf:
13 September 2022

2. Main points

  • April to June 2022 estimates show a small decrease in the employment rate compared with the previous three-month period (January to March 2022), and a corresponding small increase in the unemployment rate, while the economic inactivity rate remained largely unchanged.

  • Total hours worked decreased slightly compared with the previous three-month period and are still just below pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic levels.

  • The UK employment rate was estimated at 75.5%, which is 0.1 percentage points lower than the previous three-month period and 1.0 percentage points lower than before the coronavirus pandemic (December 2019 to February 2020).

  • The UK unemployment rate was estimated at 3.8%, which is 0.1 percentage points higher than the previous three-month period but 0.2 percentage points below pre-coronavirus pandemic levels.

  • The UK economic inactivity rate was estimated at 21.4%, which is largely unchanged compared with the previous three-month period but 1.2 percentage points higher than before the coronavirus pandemic.

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3. Coronavirus (COVID-19) and measuring the labour market

Latest Labour Force Survey (LFS) estimates are based on interviews that took place from April to June 2022. Many of the government lockdown restrictions had eased prior to this period, including the end of the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (CJRS).

Because of coronavirus (COVID-19) and the suspension of face-to-face interviewing, we had to make operational changes to the LFS, which moved to a by-telephone approach. This introduced an increased non-response bias to the survey, which was partially mitigated by the introduction of housing tenure-based weights into the survey in October 2020, as detailed in Coronavirus and its impact on the Labour Force Survey.

However, it was acknowledged that further improvement work was required to deal with the increase in non-response from those with a non-UK country of birth or nationality. As a result, a new weighting methodology was introduced in July 2021. Further information is available in Impact of reweighting on Labour Force Survey key indicators, UK: 2020.

Labour Force Survey estimates published from 14 June 2022 have been reweighted for periods from January to March 2020, using updated Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI) data. This uses the same method of applying growth rates from PAYE RTI data as that implemented in July 2021. The non-response bias adjustment, previously implemented for England, Wales and Scotland data, has now also been applied to Northern Ireland data. Our Impact of reweighting on Labour Force Survey key indicators: 2022 article explains the impact and gives a more detailed reweighting timeline. Our Dataset X08: Impact of LFS reweighting on key Labour Force Survey indicators includes estimates of important LFS indicators, using both old and new population weights, and the revisions between the two series. All estimates in this release are based on the new methodology.

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4. Summary

Figure 1: April to June 2022 estimates show a small decrease in the employment rate and a small increase in the unemployment rate, while the economic inactivity rate remained largely unchanged

UK employment, unemployment, and economic inactivity rates, seasonally adjusted, between April to June 2007 and April to June 2022

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Flows estimates show that, since January to March 2022, there has been a movement of people from economic inactivity into unemployment, and from unemployment into employment (Figure 2). Additionally, job-to-job flows have fallen in the latest period, but they remain high and continue to be driven by resignations rather than dismissals.

Figure 2: Between January to March 2022 and April to March 2022, there were net flows from economic inactivity into unemployment, and from unemployment to employment

UK flows between employment, unemployment, and economic inactivity, people aged 16 to 64 years, seasonally adjusted, between January to March 2022 and April to June 2022

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Notes:

  1. Labour market flows estimates are based on a different sample to the headline labour market status estimates as they do not include respondents who are taking part in the Labour Force Survey (LFS) for the first time in the April to June 2022 period. Consequently, labour market flows estimates can differ from the headline labour market status estimates. For more information, see table X02.
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During the first year of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, there was a decrease in the employment rate and increases in the economic inactivity and unemployment rates for both men and women. However, the unemployment rates for both men and women have now returned to levels similar to those seen before the coronavirus pandemic (Figure 3).

The decrease in the employment rate in the latest three-month period (April to June 2022) was driven by both men and women, while the increase in the unemployment rate was driven by women.

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5. Employment

Following an increase in the employment rate since early 2012, the rate decreased from the start of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. There has been an increase since the end of 2020, although the employment rate decreased slightly during the latest three-month period.

The number of full-time employees increased during the latest three-month period. While part-time employees had generally been increasing since the beginning of 2021, showing recovery from the large falls in the early stages of the coronavirus pandemic, there was a decrease during the latest three-month period. The number of self-employed workers fell in the first year of the coronavirus pandemic and has remained low, although the number has increased slightly during the latest three-month period (Figure 4). This increase was driven by the part-time self-employed and was partially offset by a decrease in the number of full-time self-employed people.

Hours worked

The total actual weekly hours worked in the UK have been increasing since the relaxation of coronavirus lockdown measures. Compared with the previous three-month period, total actual weekly hours worked decreased by 0.8 million hours to 1.04 billion hours in April to June 2022 (Figure 5). This is still 9.5 million hours below pre-coronavirus pandemic levels (December 2019 to February 2020); however, total actual weekly hours worked by women exceeded pre-coronavirus pandemic levels.

After falling sharply in the early stages of the coronavirus pandemic, the average actual weekly hours worked have now returned to levels similar to those seen before the coronavirus pandemic, with the average hours worked by part-time workers 0.3 hours above their pre-coronavirus pandemic levels. Consequently, the shortfall in total hours compared with pre-coronavirus pandemic levels is down to the reduced numbers in employment.

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6. Unemployment

The unemployment rate had generally been falling since late 2013 until the start of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. It increased until the end of 2020 but has now returned to pre-coronavirus pandemic levels. Over the latest three-month period, the unemployment rate increased slightly.

The number of people unemployed for up to 12 months increased during the latest three-month period, with those unemployed for between 6 and 12 months increasing for the first time since February to April 2021. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in those unemployed for over 12 months (Figure 6).

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7. Economic inactivity

Since comparable records began in 1971, the economic inactivity rate had generally been falling; however, it has increased during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

During the first year of the coronavirus pandemic, increases in economic inactivity were largely driven by those aged 16 to 24 years (Figure 7). However, more recent increases were driven by those aged 50 to 64 years, with over 60% of the increase in economic inactivity during the pandemic (since December 2019 to February 2020) being driven by this age group. More detail on this trend is available in Movements out of work for those aged over 50 years since the start of the coronavirus pandemic, published on 14 March 2022. While the number of economically inactive people aged 16 to 24 years has generally been decreasing since early 2021, the number in this group increased slightly during the latest three-month period. Meanwhile, the number of economically inactive people aged 35 to 49 years decreased in the latest three-month period.

The increase in economic inactivity since the start of the coronavirus pandemic had been largely driven by those who were students and the long-term sick (Figure 8). In the latest three-month period, there was an increase in the number of people who were economically inactive because of long-term sickness, which was largely offset by a decrease in those economically inactive for “other” reasons.

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8. Redundancies

In April to June 2022, reports of redundancies in the three months prior to interview decreased by 0.6 per thousand employees, compared with the previous three-month period, to 1.9 per thousand employees (Figure 9). The redundancy rate for women fell to a record low of 1.7 per thousand.

We are now also publishing a table showing potential redundancies, covering those notified by employers to the Insolvency Service through the “HR1” form, broken down by region and industry.

More about economy, business and jobs

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9. Employment in the UK data

Employment, unemployment and economic inactivity
Dataset A05 SA | Released 16 August 2022
Estimates of UK employment, unemployment and economic inactivity broken down into age bands.

Full-time, part-time and temporary workers
Dataset EMP01 SA | Released 16 August 2022
Estimates of UK employment including a breakdown by sex, type of employment, and full-time and part-time working.

Actual weekly hours worked
Dataset HOUR01 SA | Released 16 August 2022
Estimates for the hours that people in employment work in the UK.

Unemployment by age and duration
Dataset UNEM01 SA | Released 16 August 2022
Estimates of unemployment in the UK including a breakdown by sex, age group and the length of time people are unemployed.

Economic inactivity by reason
Dataset INAC01 SA | Released 16 August 2022
Estimates of those not in the UK labour force measured by the reasons given for economic inactivity.

Impact of LFS reweighting on key Labour Force Survey indicators
Dataset X08 | Released 14 June 2022
Estimates of important LFS indicators using both old and new weighting methodology, and the revisions between the two series.

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10. Glossary

Actual and usual hours worked

Statistics for usual hours worked measure how many hours people usually work per week. Compared with actual hours worked, they are not affected by absences and so can provide a better measure of normal working patterns. For example, a person who usually works 37 hours a week but who was on holiday for a week would be recorded as working zero actual hours for that week, while usual hours would be recorded as 37 hours.

Workers temporarily absent from a job as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic would still be classed as employed; however, they would be employed working no hours. This has directly affected estimates of total actual hours worked during the coronavirus pandemic. Since the average actual weekly hours are the average of all in employment, those temporarily absent from a job also affected these estimates.

Economic inactivity

People not in the labour force (also known as economically inactive) are not in employment but do not meet the internationally accepted definition of unemployment because they have not been seeking work within the last four weeks and/or are unable to start work in the next two weeks. The economic inactivity rate is the proportion of people aged between 16 and 64 years who are not in the labour force.

Employment

Employment measures the number of people in paid work or who had a job that they were temporarily away from (for example, because they were on holiday or off sick). This differs from the number of jobs because some people have more than one job. The employment rate is the proportion of people aged between 16 and 64 years who are in employment.

Workers furloughed under the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (CJRS), or those who were self-employed but temporarily not in work, had a reasonable expectation of returning to their jobs after a temporary period of absence. Therefore, they were classified as employed under the International Labour Organization (ILO) definition.

A more detailed explanation is available in our Guide to labour market statistics.

Redundancies

The redundancy estimates measure the number of people who were made redundant or who took voluntary redundancy in the three months before the Labour Force Survey interviews; it does not take into consideration planned redundancies.

Unemployment

Unemployment measures people without a job who have been actively seeking work within the last four weeks and are available to start work within the next two weeks. The unemployment rate is not the proportion of the total population that is unemployed. It is the proportion of the economically active population (that is, those in work plus those seeking and available to work) that is unemployed.

A more detailed glossary is available.

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11. Measuring the data

This bulletin relies on data collected from the Labour Force Survey (LFS), which is the largest household survey in the UK.

More quality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our LFS Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) report.

The LFS performance and quality monitoring reports provide data on response rates and other quality-related issues for the LFS.

Reweighting

LFS estimates published from 14 June 2022 have been reweighted for periods from January to March 2020, using updated Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI) data. This uses the same method of applying growth rates from PAYE RTI data as that implemented in July 2021. The non-response bias adjustment, previously implemented for England, Wales and Scotland data, has now also been applied to Northern Ireland data. Our Impact of reweighting on Labour Force Survey key indicators: 2022 article explains the impact and gives a more detailed reweighting timeline. Our Dataset X08: Impact of LFS reweighting on key Labour Force Survey indicators includes estimates of important LFS indicators, using both old and new population weights, and the revisions between the two series.

Coronavirus (COVID-19)

View more information on how labour market data sources are affected by the coronavirus pandemic.

View a comparison of our labour market data sources and the main differences.

Making our published spreadsheets accessible

Following the Government Statistical Service (GSS) guidance on releasing statistics in spreadsheets, we will be amending our published tables over the coming months to improve usability, accessibility and machine readability of our published statistics. To help users change to the new formats, we will be publishing sample versions of a selection of our tables, and where practical, initially publish the tables in both the new and current formats. If you have any questions or comments, please email labour.market@ons.gov.uk.

Occupational data in ONS surveys

The Office for National Statistics (ONS) has identified an issue with the collection of some occupational data in a number of our surveys, including the Labour Force Survey (LFS) and Annual Population Survey (APS), which are used in the production of the labour market publication. While we estimate any impacts will be small overall, this will affect the accuracy of the breakdowns of some detailed (four-digit Standard Occupational Classification (SOC)) occupations, and data derived from them. Although the majority are unaffected, we are urging caution in the interpretation of these detailed data as we resolve the issue.

None of our headline statistics, other than those directly sourced from occupational data, are affected, and you can continue to rely on their accuracy. This issue does not affect Census 2021 or the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey in any way. For more information, see our statement on occupational data in ONS social surveys.

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12. Strengths and limitations

Uncertainty in these data

The estimates presented in this bulletin contain uncertainty.

The figures in this bulletin come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS), which gathers information from a sample of households across the UK rather than from the whole population. The sample is designed to be as accurate as possible, given practical limitations. Results from sample surveys are always estimates, not precise figures. This can have an impact on how changes in the estimates should be interpreted, especially for short-term comparisons.

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The data in this bulletin come from the Labour Force Survey, which is a survey of households. It is not practical to survey every household each quarter, so these statistics are estimates based on a large sample.

As the sample gets smaller, the variability of the estimates gets larger. Estimates for small groups, which are based on small subsets of the LFS sample, are less reliable and tend to be more volatile than for larger aggregated groups.

In general, changes in the numbers (and especially the rates) reported in this bulletin between three-month periods are small and are not usually greater than the level that can be explained by sampling variability. Short-term movements in reported rates should be considered alongside longer-term patterns in the series and corresponding movements in other sources to give a fuller picture.

Information on the quality of estimates is available in our Labour Force Survey sampling variability table.

Comparability

The data in this bulletin follow internationally accepted definitions specified by the International Labour Organization (ILO). This ensures that the estimates for the UK are comparable with those for other countries.

The annual reconciliation report of job estimates article compares the latest workforce jobs series estimates with the equivalent estimates of jobs from the LFS. It is usually published every March but has been postponed until after the workforce jobs series has been reweighted.

Further information is available in A guide to labour market statistics.

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Manylion cyswllt ar gyfer y Bwletin ystadegol

Bob Watson
labour.market@ons.gov.uk
Ffôn: +44 1633 455400