UK House Price Index: December 2022

• Average UK house prices increased by 9.8% in the 12 months to December 2022, down from 10.6% in November 2022.

• The average UK house price was £294,000 in December 2022, which is £26,000 higher than 12 months ago but a slight change from last month's record high of £296,000.

• Average house prices increased over the 12 months to £315,000 (10.3%) in England, £222,000 in Wales (10.3%), £187,000 in Scotland (5.7%) and £175,000 in Northern Ireland (10.2%).

• Scotland's annual house price inflation has generally been slowing since April 2022, reaching 5.7% in the 12 months to December 2022, down from 13.9% in the 12 months to April 2022.

• The East Midlands saw the highest annual percentage change in the 12 months to December 2022 (12.3%), while London saw the lowest (6.7%) of all English regions.

The latest house price data published on GOV.UK by HM Land Registry (HMLR) for December 2022 show that average house prices in the UK increased by 9.8% in the 12 months to December 2022. This was down from 10.6% in the 12 months to November 2022 (Figure 1).

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic affected the supply of housing transactions for a period of time. Further information can be found in Section 7, Measuring the data.

Recent annual percentage changes in house prices have been volatile because of volatility in prices in 2021. For example, the October 2022 annual percentage change was high, partly caused by a sharp fall in UK average house prices in October 2021, following changes to Stamp Duty Land Tax. This is known as a base effect, as explained in our Beware base effects article. December 2022 annual percentage change is not affected by any notable base effects.

The average UK house price rose 9.8% in the 12 months to December 2022, compared with a 10.6% rise in the 12 months to November 2022 and the recent annual peak of 14.2% in July 2022. These are preliminary, non-seasonally adjusted estimates and are subject to revision.

The provisional seasonally adjusted estimate of UK residential transactions in December 2022 was 101,920, as shown in HM Revenue and Customs' (HMRC's) Monthly property transactions statistics. This is 1.4% higher than December 2021, but 2.6% lower than November 2022.

On a seasonally adjusted basis, the average UK house price decreased by 0.2% between November and December 2022, following an increase of 0.5% in the previous month.

On a non-seasonally adjusted basis, the average UK house price decreased by 0.4% between November and December 2022, following an increase of 0.2% in the previous month.

The average house price annual percentage change slowed in England, Wales and Scotland in the 12 months to December 2022, compared with the 12 months to November 2022, and in Northern Ireland over the year to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2022.

The average house price in Scotland increased by 5.7% over the 12 months to December 2022, down from an increase of 6.2% in the 12 months to November 2022. The average house price in Scotland was £187,000 in December 2022. Annual house price inflation in Scotland has generally been slowing since an increase of 13.9% in the 12 months to April 2022.

The average house price in Wales increased by 10.3% over the 12 months to December 2022, down from an increase of 11.0% in the 12 months to November 2022. The average house price in Wales was £222,000 in December 2022.

The average house price in England increased by 10.3% over the 12 months to December 2022, down from an increase of 11.1% in the 12 months to November 2022. The average house price in England was £315,000 in December 2022.

The average house price in Northern Ireland increased by 10.2% over the year to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2022. Northern Ireland remains the cheapest country in the UK in which to purchase a property, with the average house price at £175,000.

The North East continued to have the lowest average house price of all English regions, at £164,000 in December 2022.

The East Midlands was the region with the highest annual house price inflation in December 2022. Average prices in the East Midlands increased by 12.3% in the 12 months to December 2022, down from an annual percentage change of 12.8% in November 2022.

London's average house prices remain the most expensive of any region in the UK, with an average price of £543,000 in December 2022.

London was the English region with the lowest annual house price inflation, with average prices increasing by 6.7% in the 12 months to December 2022. This was up from an annual percentage change of 6.4% in November 2022.

House Price Index (HPI)

The House Price Index (HPI) measures the price changes of residential housing as a percentage change from a specific time period (12 months before, or a base period where the HPI in 2015 equals 100).

House price inflation

House price inflation in the UK is the rate at which the prices of residential properties purchased in the UK rise and fall.

Non-seasonally adjusted

A non-seasonally adjusted series is one that includes seasonal or calendar effects.

Seasonally adjusted

A seasonally adjusted series is one that has been subject to a widely used technique for removing seasonal or calendar effects from time series data.

The UK House Price Index (HPI) is a joint production by HM Land Registry (HMLR), Registers of Scotland, Land and Property Services Northern Ireland, and the Office for National Statistics (ONS). HMLR publishes the UK House Price Index reports on GOV.UK (at 9:30am, 15 February 2023). The reports contain full details, including commentary, historical data tables and analytical tools.

Economic statistics governance after Brexit

More information regarding the new governance following the UK's exit from the EU is available in our Index of private housing rental prices, UK: September 2022 bulletin.

HM Land Registry (HMLR) transactions

HMLR has increased the use of automation in application processing. This means that initial transaction numbers may be lower than pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic volumes; however, in the medium to long term, this will lead to higher volumes being processed.

We have temporarily changed the date we receive the transaction data from HMLR. As a result, we receive more transactions than those immediately seen in the published HMLR's Price Paid Data datasets.

The processing of new build properties has been more affected than the processing of "old build" properties. So, to address this, we have pooled new build transactions for certain months in England and Wales, which means that:

• June 2022 includes new build transactions from May and June 2022

• July 2022 includes new build transactions from June and July 2022

• August 2022 includes new build transactions from July and August 2022

• September 2022 includes new build transactions from August and September 2022

• October 2022 includes new build transactions from September and October 2022

• November 2022 includes new build transactions from October and November 2022

December 2022 has not been affected as new builds are excluded from the model for the first estimate because of the nature of their processing.

These changes might lead to larger revisions to published estimates than usual as we reduce the reliance on pooling. Further information on how we usually process the new build properties can be found in HMLR's Quality and methodology guidance.

Sales volumes

Sales only appear in the UK HPI once the purchases have been registered or submitted for registration in the case of sales in Scotland (based on completed sales rather than advertised or approved prices). Therefore, there can be a delay before transactions feed into the index. Estimates for the most recent months are provisional and likely to be updated as more data are incorporated into the index.

The latest estimates for December 2022 are based on approximately 29,000 records for England, which currently represent roughly 32% of monthly property transactions, as published by HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC). They are based on approximately 6,000 records for Scotland (71% of transactions) and approximately 2,000 records for Wales (37% of transactions). This represents the number of records that are available at the time of calculating the UK HPI and not the number of transactions that have taken place. As time progresses, more records will become available for December 2022, in line with our published revision policy.

However, it should be noted that there are some coverage differences between the sales volumes used in the UK HPI dataset and the monthly property transactions statistics data. This means that the two are not directly comparable, and sales volumes in the UK HPI are unlikely to ever reach the transaction levels published by HMRC. It is believed that the main reason for this difference is that residential properties where the buyer or seller is a corporate body, company or business are excluded from the HMLR data in the UK HPI, but included in HMRC property transaction statistics.

Data sources

The main sources of data used in the UK are HMLR for England and Wales, Registers of Scotland, and HMRC's Stamp Duty Land Tax data for the Northern Ireland HPI.

Methods

The method for calculating the UK HPI can be found in HMLR's Quality and methodology guidance.

Quality

More quality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in HMLR's UK House Price Index guidance on GOV.UK.

Further information on strengths and limitations of the data can be found in Section 1.4 of HM Land Registry's (HMLR's) Quality and methodology guidance.