Private rental affordability, England, Wales and Northern Ireland QMI

• Title: Private rental affordability, England, Wales and Northern Ireland

• Accredited official statistic: no

• Data sources: Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR; from the Private rent and house prices, UK bulletin); Family Resources Survey (FRS); Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE)

• Frequency: annual

• How compiled: administrative and survey data

• Geographic coverage: countries of England, Wales and Northern Ireland, regions in England, local authorities in England and Wales

• Related publications: Housing affordability in England and Wales; Housing purchase affordability in Great Britain; Additional measures of housing affordability

• Last revised: 18 August 2025

This quality and methodology information (QMI) report contains information on the quality characteristics of the data, as well as the methods used to create it.

The information in this report will help you to:

• understand the strengths and limitations of the data

• learn about existing uses and users of the data

• understand the methods used to create the data

• help you to decide suitable uses for the data

• reduce the risk of misusing data

• Our Private rental affordability statistical bulletin series is an additional measure of affordability to accompany our Housing affordability in England and Wales bulletin series and our Housing purchase affordability article series.

• We deem an area "affordable" if a private-renting household would spend the equivalent of 30% or less of their gross income on rent (for new or existing tenancies) - referred to here as the affordability ratio.

• Private rent prices are reproduced from the Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR), and we estimate household income from the Family Resource Survey (FRS).

• Our 2023 release marks a break in methodology from our previous publications, with rents now being taken from a single UK source (PIPR), with a representative mix of new and existing rents.

• Private rents data for Northern Ireland from the PIPR is collected for new rents only, which limits comparability with England and Wales.

• From our 2023 release onwards, this series provides modelled private rental affordability ratios for local authorities in England and Wales.

• We are working towards including UK and Scotland estimates in our future releases, in response to user needs.

• These statistics are official statistics in development, considered statistically reliable but with some uncertainties because of survey sampling.

Overview

Using this methodology, we produce estimates of the percentage of gross household income spent on rent by private renters, at country level in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, at a regional level in England, and local authority level in England and Wales.

Private rent prices are, since the 2023 release, republished from our Private rent and house prices UK series, which contains the Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR). This product is the successor to all of our previous sources (our Private rental market summary statistics (PRMS) bulletin, and data supplied by Rent Officers Wales and the Northern Ireland Housing Executive). Improvements are explained and quantified in our Redevelopment of private rental prices statistics, impact analysis, UK article, and the differences are analysed in Section 8: Data sources and quality of our Private rental affordability: 2023 bulletin.

Before the 2023 release, lower quartile, median and upper quartile rent prices were available. This allowed a range of different households to be represented in the data, and previous bulletins showed that these revealed important differences in affordability for low-income households.

For income, we use the household income estimates from the Department for Work and Pensions Family Resources Survey (FRS), using the household file obtained via the UK Data Service. We only include private renting households, whether they are privately renting a furnished or unfurnished property. We use a grossing factor weight to adjust for potential bias in responses to the FRS and allows us to create regionally weighted estimates. This produces the most relevant measure of income available. However, this source adds uncertainty because a random sample has been taken and shows volatility in year-on-year estimates, and it is not possible to say if this is statistically significant because of the complex survey design.

For this bulletin, we deem a property affordable if a household would spend 30% or less of their income on rent. While the ONS use 30%, there is no widely accepted standard on this. A 2019 Scottish Government review looked at the literature around measuring affordability. The review found a range of different thresholds used both within the UK and internationally, from as low as 20% to as high as 50%. The report also identifies other methods of measuring affordability, some of which specifically look to avoid the necessary generalisation of such a blunt measure.

These are official statistics in development and are in a developmental phase. This does not mean that the quality of the statistics is low, but rather that the statistics are still novel and may be improved further. We are publishing these statistics now to enable users to benefit from work done so far, and also to offer users an opportunity to comment on their development.

Uses and users

These measures of affordability are in addition to our main release, where users have been identified as the following:

• central government: monitoring housing trends, supply and demand, policy-making such as schemes for first-time buyers

• devolved administrations: supporting policy-making and monitoring changes at the country level, similar to those requirements of central government; also used for comparisons with wider UK policies

• local government: monitoring and developing housing policies and affordability of housing to meet the current and future needs of their areas and to understand how changes and policies at the national level affect housing at the local authority level; determine the need of what type or price of property is required in the area so people can better afford housing

• other private sector organisations: property investors and financial management companies may also use these data to assess affordability of investments

• banks and building societies: house price and affordability statistics are used for mortgage lending to make decisions on whether to lend, how much to lend and setting interest rates; earnings data are also useful to inform mortgage lending to see how much of people's earnings are needed to spend on mortgages and how long is needed to pay them off

• house builders: these users are interested in whether and where demand for new housing exists, how much people are likely to be able to afford to spend on a property in a given area and the returns received on homes built and converted

• housing industry specialists: these include organisations such as larger estate agents seeking information on subnational housing affordability trends

• housing bodies: these include organisations such as the Home Builders Federation and charities that carry out secondary analyses of official housing statistics

• general public: interest in the affordability of housing in their local area across the UK

Strengths and limitations

A limitation of the affordability calculation is that while the PIPR does adjust for property size, the income data do not adjust for household size. For example, while a one-bedroom flat in a region may be affordable for a family, it may not be suitable.

We are aware that by averaging over regional and country areas, this can hide differences within each country or region, where affordable properties may be in a different place to the households with the appropriate incomes. However, from 2023 we have made local authority level estimates for England and Wales available.

The new source of rent prices, the Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) makes a number of improvements over the previous source. The hedonic regression model allows full use of administrative property attributes data, and better represents geographical areas that are under-collected. It therefore provides statistically robust estimates, covering new and existing rents.

It also allows for robust comparisons over time. These changes ensure that when we analyse rental prices, we are comparing like with like. This is similar to the approach used to calculate the UK House Price Index, but tailored to suit the rental data.

PIPR makes a number of exclusions, including rents paid for by housing benefit and rents of single rooms. Median and quartile rents are not available; the prices estimated by PIPR are geometric means.

As of our March 2025 release, the coverage of the PIPR expanded to include comparable rent estimates for the UK, as well as England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, however this release currently only uses England, Wales and Northern Ireland data. 

In England and Wales, achieved rents data are collected for both new and existing tenancies. 

In Northern Ireland, rents data are for newly advertised lets.

Further quality information for the rental statistics can be found in our Price Index of Private Rents QMI release.

There are various sources of income data. A strength of the FRS is that it allows us to differentiate between homeowners and private renters and therefore we have chosen to use this source. We have used a weighted-quartiles method to approximate median income estimates from these data. The weighting helps to compensate for some survey design and response bias.

FRS sample sizes are low at the regional level and somewhat inconsistent overall, so caution must be taken when interpreting year-on-year changes. It is not possible to provide the statistical significance of these estimates. Further quality information for the income statistics can be found on the Family Resources Survey information page.

To create the local authority level versions of these rents, which are available in this edition for the first time, we have used Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) earnings estimates from the Employee earnings in the UK bulletin series, to scale the FRS incomes. This gives the most relevant available measure – local authority level incomes of privately renting households.

We have to make the assumption that earnings and income levels have the same relationship in each area. The resulting modelled incomes therefore come with additional uncertainty, over and above that of the regional income estimates. Further quality information is available in our Guide to interpreting Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) estimates.

Recent improvements

Our 2023 release marked a change in methodology from our previous publications, with rents now being taken from a single UK source, with a representative mix of new and existing rents. This source has an improved methodology, providing representative statistics. However, it produces a mean rather than a median rental price (a geometric mean, which is a weighted average).

This new source has resulted in higher rental price levels, and therefore reduced affordability. We have recalculated and published a back series using the new data source. Section 8: Data sources and quality in our Private rental affordability, England and Wales: 2023 article shows that in financial year ending (FYE) 2023, prices were 40% higher in England than in the previous sources, and 11% higher in Wales.

We made two methodological improvements for our 2024 release. The first was changing from Earnings and employment from Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Real Time Information (RTI) data for earnings to ASHE data for use in our local authority income modelling. ASHE allows us to measure workplace-based earnings over a longer period of time, for a sample of full-time employees. ASHE is also the earnings source we use for our other affordability releases, which makes this release more coherent.

Secondly, we updated our method for comparing Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) data to incomes. In previous releases, we used rent measured in March. However, rent measured in the September of the previous year is a more accurate reflection of the mid-point of the financial year. For this reason, for FYE 2024, we are using PIPR rent data for September 2023 instead of for March 2024.

This section provides a range of information that describes the quality of the data and details any points that should be noted when using these statistics.

Relevance

Housing affordability is an important issue as it affects almost everyone in the country. There are a number of different aspects to housing affordability dependent on the situation for each individual or household. This can be if someone is renting, looking to buy a property or currently paying a mortgage. This methodology is one of a range of different affordability measures to provide evidence for the public debate and policy decision-makers.

To a large extent this private rental affordability measure covers people who have already succeeded in affording a private rented home – as most homes are rented through agencies or landlords who apply an affordability test before granting tenure. The private rental income estimates we use will not be a perfect match for the incomes considered by landlords or letting agents. A variety of factors will affect the affordability for households or individuals.

The new source of rent prices, the Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR) covers a representative mix of new and existing rents in England and Wales - the "stock" of rents. It should be noted that this is not the case for Northern Ireland (which only covers advertised lets).

Alternatively, the "flow" of rents could be measured, capturing the price of new tenancies starting in the reference period. This is the approach taken by private sector organisations (such as Homelet, Rightmove and Zoopla) using data for advertised new lets, which include advertised lets that do not lead to a tenancy starting, and do not capture where the achieved rent price differs from the initially-advertised price.

Rents paid for by housing benefit and prices to rent a single room in a house of multiple occupancy (HMO) are not included in these estimates.

The rental price series is derived by applying the change in the index to a base set of rental prices from the reference period (currently January 2023). To ensure the base set of rental properties remains representative, the base period for the price series will be updated every five years, and rents recalculated. Further information is available in our Price Index of Private Rents QMI release.

Incomes and house prices are presented on a nominal basis; this means they have not been adjusted for the effects of inflation over time and are comparable with each other. No data are seasonally adjusted.

Before the 2023 release, private rental market summary statistics (PRMS) methodology meant lower quartile, median and upper quartile rent prices were available. This allowed a range of different households to be represented in the data, and previous bulletins showed that these revealed important differences in affordability for low-income households. The change from medians and quartiles to geometric mean (using a weighted average) is because of the change in methodology between PRMS and PIPR.

Accuracy and reliability

A strength of the PIPR is that it is constructed using large administrative data sources. Annually the Valuation Office Agency and the devolved administrations collect over 450,000 private rents prices in England, 30,000 in Wales, 40,000 in Scotland, and over 10,000 in Northern Ireland. Income estimates are subject to a margin of error as they are based on survey data. There are limitations with both the rent and income data sources and therefore the data should be treated as indicative of rental affordability. It is not possible to say if differences between estimates are statistically significant because of the complex design of the Family Resources Survey (FRS) sample.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic affected the response rate to the FRS in 2021, with roughly half the usual number of households responding and even fewer private rental households. We use statistical techniques such as weighting to partially compensate for this, however, there is more uncertainty around the 2021 income values than in previous years. In 2022, response rates have partially recovered.

For more information on this, please see the background information on the Family Resources Survey for 2021 and the background information on the Family Resources Survey for 2022.

The local authority level income data are modelled. They use FRS incomes, scaled with the ratio of region to local authority earnings estimates. These are taken from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE). This survey is an established annual employer survey that provides earnings estimates of employees on Pay As You Earn (PAYE). ASHE provides a detailed overview of earnings, including pay type, work pattern and geography. It is an official source for median earnings and is used in a variety of statistical releases.  

This release uses regional and local authority level data with full-time annual earnings data from ASHE. Any missing annual earnings data are supplemented by full-time weekly earnings estimates.

The ASHE earnings data need additional processing to align with financial years. We use an average across two years of data. For example, we average ASHE 2022 and 2023 to represent FYE 2023.

PIPR rents are only available as a mean average (produced through a hedonic regression model). FRS and ASHE earnings are available as medians, which are the more appropriate average where skews exist in a dataset. The affordability ratios are therefore not comparing the same types of averages. There are no uncertainty measures available for the private rental estimates and consequently we cannot provide measure of error or confidence intervals for this output.

Coherence and comparability

As of 2024, this release includes data for England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The PIPR uses a different local geography for Northern Ireland to our income source (Broad Market Rental Areas), so we do not currently anticipate being able to produce local level affordability ratios. 

Our 2024 release includes statistics for Northern Ireland. However, these figures come with several caveats. These include that:

• in England and Wales, achieved rents data are collected for both new and existing tenancies

• in Northern Ireland, rents data are for newly advertised lets

We are working towards including UK and Scotland estimates in our future releases, in response to user needs.

The Office for National Statistics (ONS) monthly UK measure of the affordability of new tenancies is from a private supplier, PriceHubble. This is a measure that covers new tenancies only, and so does not cover the same concept as this series.

Other estimates of private rental affordability have been produced for individual countries of the UK, and are also not comparable with this series:

• the English Housing Survey, which shows the median proportion of income spent on housing by tenure

• the Wellbeing of Wales: national indicator 49, which shows the income spent on housing costs (including rent, service charge, Council Tax, and other housing costs), by tenure, for three-year periods

• Welsh Government's Data mapping and visualisation on the housing rental market in Wales report, published in June 2023; a piece of research to identify and map current and historical data to explore rents and affordability in Wales

• the Northern Ireland Housing Executive's Exploring the Provision of an Intermediate Rent Product for Northern Ireland report, which uses a 25% affordability test, 2020 data, and bespoke sources that include dwelling characteristics

• Scottish Government's New Deal for Tenants draft strategy consultation, which uses FRS estimates of rent and income to look at private and social rental affordability from 2007 to 2020

Timeliness and punctuality

We intend this output to be published annually in summer, but the statistics will be lagged by a year because of data availability – so in summer 2025, it included data for financial year ending (FYE) 2024.

The required FRS income data are available in May, but are lagged by a year - so in May 2022, data for FYE 2021 were available.

The financial year estimates of PIPR are produced monthly, and estimates are released two to three weeks after the end of the reference period.

This methodology takes regional monthly rental prices from the monthly price statistics tables of our Price Index of Private Rents (PIPR; published in the Private rent and house prices UK series).

For the income element, household data are taken from the Family Resources Survey, accessed via the UK Data Service. The data are filtered to only include monthly household income of private renters. A UK household weighting variable (Gross4) is applied to weight the observations and weighted-quartile estimates are then calculated for each region and country as a whole.

To create the local authority level incomes, we have used earnings estimates from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) to scale the Family Resource Survey (FRS) incomes.

Earnings data are provided by employers and are based on Pay As You Earn (PAYE) data. These provide a strong sample that can be applied to the whole population. 

PAYE and ASHE data do not cover self-employment income or income from other sources such as pensions, property rental and investments. We therefore have to make the assumption that earnings and income levels have the same relationship in each area. The resulting modelled incomes therefore come with additional uncertainty, over and above that of the regional income estimates. Further quality information is available in the methodology for monthly earnings and employment estimates.

The proportion of income spent on rent is then calculated by combining these measures within each region and country.

Our statistical practice is regulated by the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR). OSR sets the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the Code of Practice for Statistics that all producers of official statistics should adhere to.

You are welcome to contact us directly with any comments about how we meet these standards. Alternatively, you can contact OSR by emailing regulation@statistics.gov.uk or via the OSR website.