Pen portraits and radial plots

Local authority districts

Pen portraits for the 2011 Area Classification for Local Authorities

Introduction

The following pen portraits describe the clusters that make up the 2011 Area Classification for Local Authorities, providing an informal view of the characteristics of each cluster. The classification is a hierarchical classification, consisting of three tiers of supergroups, groups and subgroups for the 391 lower-tier local authorities in England (326), Wales (22), Scotland (32) and Northern Ireland (11).

The labels used for the supergroups, groups and subgroups and the descriptions of them are intended to be illustrative of the characteristics of areas in terms of their demographic structure, household composition, housing, socio-economic characteristics and employment patterns. In reality, within each local authority there will be variability with these characteristics.

These pen portraits complement the separately published radial plots that display the 59 2011 Census statistics used to derive the classification. Radial plots are presented for each of the supergroups, groups and subgroups that comprise the classification; each data point on a radial plot displays the value for each of the standardised and transformed 2011 Census variables used.

Also published are maps, which allow for the identification of the geographical coverage of the local authorities that comprise individual supergroups, groups and subgroups.

Supergroups

There are eight supergroups forming the top tier of the hierarchy, denoted by a number (n) before their name in the following descriptions. These provide the most generic descriptions of the population in the UK. Descriptions for supergroups that discuss the average are referring to the “average” characteristics for the UK. If not explicitly stated, comparisons (for example, higher or lower) are made with the UK as a whole.

Groups

The middle tier is the group level, of which there are 16, each denoted by a number and letter (nx) in the descriptions. These provide a further description of an area’s characteristics, in addition to, and comparison with the parent supergroup characteristics.

As the classification is a top-down classification, any group that starts with the same n as a supergroup will have been derived from that supergroup only. The supergroups produce one to three groups each. Descriptions for groups that refer to the average are referring to the “average” of the parent supergroup and not the national average. If not explicitly stated, comparisons (for example, higher or lower) are made with the parent supergroup.

Subgroups

The bottom tier of the 2011 Area Classification for Local Authorities is the subgroups. There are 24 of these groups each denoted by a number, letter and number (nxn). These descriptions supplement both the parent supergroup and parent group characteristics, and comparisons are made with the parent group.

Any subgroup starting with the same nx as a group means it will have been derived from that group only. The groups produce one to three subgroups each. Descriptions for subgroups that refer to the average are referring to the average of the parent group and not the supergroup or national “average”. If not explicitly stated, comparisons (for example, higher or lower) are made with the parent group.

Names and descriptions

The names and descriptions for the eight supergroups, 16 groups and 24 subgroups with the classification are meant to provide greater insight than just examining the statistical outputs of cluster analysis alone. While they may not necessarily reflect the characteristics of the entire population, they are likely to represent the general characteristics of the local authorities assigned to specific clusters. These names and descriptions are colour coded to reflect whether they refer to supergroups, groups or subgroups.

Glossary

With the pen portraits descriptions, there are a number of phrases and terms used that require a fuller description.

Old EU countries – refers to the 15 pre-2004 accession countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Irish Republic, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the UK.

New EU countries – refers to the 10 accession countries who joined the EU in 2004: Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia, and the two countries who joined in 2007 – Bulgaria and Romania.

Industries – based on aggregations of industries from the Standard Industrial Classification 2007: SIC 2007, include:

• agriculture, forestry and fishing
• mining, quarrying or construction industries
• manufacturing industry
• energy, water or air conditioning supply industries
• wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motor cycles industries
• transport or storage industries
• accommodation or food service activities industries
• information and communication or professional, scientific and technical activities industries
• financial, insurance or real estate industries
• administrative or support service activities industries
• public administration or defence; compulsory social security industries
• education sector
• human health and social work activities industries

For ease of readability, the supergroup, group and subgroup descriptions frequently abbreviate the previously mentioned descriptions, for example, referring to financial-related industries, rather than using the full description.

Overcrowding – as measured by the percentage of households who have one fewer or less rooms than required.

Qualifications – refers to different past and present qualifications, including:

• level 1, examples include GCSEs (grades D to G) and diplomas (City and Guilds, BTEC)
• level 2, examples include GCSEs (grades A* to C) and O Levels (grades A to C)
• level 3, examples include A Levels (grades A to E) and AS Levels
• level 4 and above, examples include Higher National Certificates (HNCs) and degrees

UK population – 2011 Census usually-resident population (UK total equals 63,182,178).

Population density – persons per hectare, derived from 2011 Census area and population figures; UK population density equals 2.6 persons per hectare.

Median age – derived from 2011 Census (UK median age equals 39 years).

The superscript (r) indicates that these are the corrected and revised supergroup, group and subgroup codes, and is used to distinguish them from the codes used with the original classification.

Supergroup, group and subgroup descriptions

1^r – Affluent England

51 local authorities – 10.3% of UK population, population density 3.7, median age 41 years The population of this supergroup typically live largely in counties in England near to and around London – Buckinghamshire, Hampshire, Hertfordshire, Kent, Oxfordshire and Surrey.

Residents are much more likely to live in detached housing and to own their own property. The supergroup has an above average ethnic mix and below average number of UK and Irish born residents. Residents are far more likely to be represented in the 5 to 14 years age group than nationally. Rates of divorce or separation are lower than nationally and the proportion of persons aged 16 years and over with higher qualifications is above the national average.

Unemployment rates are noticeably below the national average and for employed residents, they are more likely to work in the information and communication industries than nationally, more likely to work full-time, and are more likely to travel to work using public transport, though households owning two or more cars are also more prevalent than nationally.

1a^r – Rural-urban fringe

18 local authorities – 3.5% of UK population, population density 8.8, median age 40 years

The population density for areas covered by this group is noticeably higher than for the parent supergroup. Compared with the supergroup, a higher proportion of residents have an ethnic background and were born in other EU countries. Residents are more likely to live in flats and to live in overcrowding conditions. Workers are more likely to work full-time and to be employed in the transport or storage industry.

1a1^r – Rural-urban fringe

18 local authorities – 3.5% of UK population, population density 8.8, median age 40 years

The subgroup and parent group are the same in terms of local authority representation. The description for the rural-urban fringe group previously mentioned therefore also applies for the subgroup (which bears the same name as the parent group).

1b^r – Thriving rural

33 local authorities – 6.8% of UK population, population density 2.8, median age 42 years

Compared with the supergroup, this group has a higher proportion of residents who are married and UK born. There is a higher proportion of households living in detached properties. Residents are more likely to have lower qualifications, households more likely to have access to two or more cars and workers are more likely to use private transport to get to work and to be employed in the agriculture, forestry and fishing industries.

1b1^r – Affluent rural

12 local authorities – 2.2% of UK population, population density 2.5, median age 42 years

This subgroup has a higher proportion of residents in the older age groups (45 to 64 years, 65 to 89 years and 90 years and over) than the parent group. Residents are more likely to be married and to be born in the old EU. Households are more likely to live in a detached property or bungalow and to own or share their property. Residents generally have higher qualification levels that the group as a whole and a higher proportion of households own two or more cars. Workers are more likely to work part-time and to work in the information and communication industry, and in education.

1b2^r – Rural growth areas

21 local authorities – 4.6% of UK population, population density 3.1, median age 41 years

The subgroup has a higher proportion of persons aged 25 to 44 years than the parent group and a higher proportion of adults divorced or separated. Households are more likely to live in terrace or end-terrace properties and flats, and to live in social rented accommodation. Adults typically have lower qualifications than for the parent group as a whole. Unemployment is more prevalent with this subgroup and workers are more likely to be employed in the transport or storage industry and the wholesale and retail trade industry.

2^r – Business, education and heritage centres

35 local authorities – 14.4% of UK population, population density 17.4, median age 35 years

The population of this supergroup live within larger cities throughout the UK, with either country and/or regional importance. Residents are more likely to live in either flats or terraces and to privately rent their home. The supergroup has an above average ethnic mix, with an above average proportion of residents born in other EU countries. A result of this is that households are less likely to speak English or Welsh as their main language.

Those in employment are more likely to be working in the accommodation or food service activities and education sector and to use public transport to travel to work. Compared with the UK, educational qualifications are higher, though unemployment is marginally higher.

2a^r – Larger towns and cities

28 local authorities – 11.7% of UK population, population density 15.4, median age 36 years

The age structure is slightly older than the parent supergroup and residents are more likely to have been born in the UK or Ireland and to be White. Residents are more likely to own their property or have shared ownership. Adults generally have lower qualifications, with households more likely to have access to two or more cars and to commute to work using private transport. A higher proportion of workers are employed in the wholesale and retail trade industry, and the public administration or defence industry.

2a1r – Larger towns and cities

28 local authorities – 11.7% of UK population, population density 15.4, median age 36 years

The subgroup and parent group are the same in terms of local authority representation. The description for the larger towns and cities group previously mentioned therefore also applies for the subgroup (which bears the same name as the parent group).

2b^r – University towns and cities

7 local authorities – 2.6% of UK population, population density 38.3, median age 32 years

This group is confined to England only and comprises just seven local authorities. Compared with the parent supergroup, there is a higher proportion of residents aged 25 to 44 years and a higher representation of ethnic minority groups and residents foreign born. Residents are more likely to live in flats and to rent their accommodation, either through social renting or privately. Workers are more likely to work full-time and to use public transport to commute to work. There is a higher proportion of students and workers are more likely to be employed in the information and communication industry and to work in education.

3^r – Countryside living

83 local authorities – 15.2% of UK population, population density 0.7, median age 46 years

The population for this supergroup are characterised by living in rural areas with a low population density and a much higher median age (46 years) compared with the UK as a whole (39 years).

Residents are more likely to own their own home and to live in a detached property. Unemployment and qualification levels are both below the national average. Households are more likely to own two or more vehicles and to use private transport to travel to work. Part-time working is also more prevalent than generally in the UK.

Workers are far more likely to be employed in the agriculture, forestry and fishing industry, and the accommodation or food service activities industries than workers in the UK generally.

3a^r – English and Welsh countryside

48 local authorities – 8.6% of UK population, population density 0.9, median age 45 years

Compared with the parent supergroup, this group has a higher proportion of children aged 5 to 14 years and adults are more likely to be married and to have no children. Households are more likely to live in semi-detached properties and to own their own home (either outright or with shared ownership).

Adults are more likely to have lower qualifications and households are more likely to own two or more cars. Workers are more likely to work in the information and communication industry, and in education.

3a1^r – Older farming communities

22 local authorities – 2.9% of UK population, population density 0.9, median age 47 years

This subgroup is confined to local authority areas in England and Wales only. Of the 24 different subgroups, this subgroup has the joint-highest median age (47 years). The proportion of residents aged 45 years and over is higher therefore than for the parent group. Residents are more likely to live in a flat and to own their own property – either outright or through shared ownership. Qualification levels are generally higher. Workers are more likely to work part-time and to be employed in the accommodation or food service activities industry and to work in education.

3a2^r – Sparse English and Welsh countryside

26 local authorities – 5.8% of UK population, population density 0.9, median age 45 years

In comparison with the parent group, this subgroup has a higher proportion of children who are aged 0 to 15 years and a higher proportion of residents born in the new EU. Households are more likely to live in a semi-detached house or bungalow and to live in social rented accommodation. Residents generally have lower levels of qualifications than the parent group and adults are more likely to be unemployed. For those in employment, they are more likely to work full-time. There is a higher representation of workers in the public administration or defence industry.

3b^r – Remoter coastal living

24 local authorities – 4.7% of UK population, population density 1.9, median age 47 years

This group is characterised as having the highest median age (47 years) of all the 16 groups. Compared with the parent supergroup, adults are more likely to be divorced or separated. Residents are more likely to live in flats and to live in privately-rented accommodation. Workers are more likely to work part-time and to be employed in the administrative or support services industry and the accommodation or food service activities industry.

3b1^r – Ageing coastal living

18 local authorities – 3.7% of UK population, population density 1.6, median age 47 years

Of the 24 different subgroups, this subgroup has the joint-highest median age (47 years). Residents are more likely to live in a detached house or bungalow and to own their own home; either owned outright or through shared ownership. Adults are more likely to have higher-level qualifications and households are more likely to have two or more cars. Workers are more likely to be employed in the agriculture, forestry and fishing industries, and the mining, quarrying or construction industries.

3b2^r – Seaside living

6 local authorities – 1.0% of UK population, population density 6.1, median age 44 years

This subgroup is confined to just six local authority areas in England on the east and south coast. Compared with the parent group, with this subgroup there is a higher prevalence of people aged 0 to 14 years, of single persons and adults who have divorced or separated. Amongst ethnic groups there is a higher prevalence of the Chinese and other ethnic group and a higher prevalence of residents born in other EU countries.

Residents are more likely to live in a terrace or end-terrace property and flats, and to privately rent. Adults are more likely to have lower qualification levels, to use public transport to commute to work and to be unemployed. Workers are more likely to be employed in the transport or storage industry.

3c^r – Scottish countryside

11 local authorities – 1.9% of UK population, population density 0.2, median age 45 years

This group comprises 11 rural Scottish local authorities that are sparsely populated. With this group there is a higher proportion of residents aged 25 to 44 years than with the parent supergroup and adults are more likely to be single. Residents are more likely to live in flats and to be social renting. Adults are more likely to have lower qualifications, whilst a higher proportion of workers use private transport for commuting to work and work full-time. Workers are also more likely to work in the transport or storage industry.

3c1^r – Scottish countryside

11 local authorities – 1.9% of UK population, population density 0.2, median age 45 years

The parent group and subgroup are the same in terms of local authority representation. The description for the Scottish countryside group previously mentioned therefore also applies for the subgroup (which bears the same name).

4r – Ethnically diverse metropolitan living

19 local authorities – 9.4% of UK population, population density 46.5, median age 33 years

The population of this supergroup tend to be live in Inner and Outer London Boroughs. Areas outside London covered by this supergroup include Birmingham, Leicester, Luton and Slough.

The major characteristic of these areas is that they have a high proportion of residents from non-White ethnic groups. Population density is high, as is overcrowding (households who have on average fewer or less rooms than required) and there is a relatively young population age structure. Households are more likely to reside in terrace housing or flats, either socially-rented or privately-rented, than households generally. Unemployment is higher than recorded nationally. Compared with the UK as a whole, workers in the administrative or support services industry are most over-represented and workers are more likely to use public transport to get to work.

4a^r – Ethnically diverse metropolitan living

19 local authorities – 9.4% of UK population, population density 46.5, median age 33 years

The group and parent supergroup are the same in terms of local authority representation. The description for the ethnically diverse city living supergroup previously mentioned therefore also applies for the group (which bears the same name).

4a1^r – Ethnically diverse metropolitan living

19 local authorities – 9.4% of UK population, population density 46.5, median age 33 years

The supergroup, parent group and subgroup are the same in terms of local authority representation. The description for the ethnically diverse city living supergroup previously mentioned therefore also applies for the subgroup (which bears the same name as the supergroup and parent group).

5^r – London cosmopolitan

12 local authorities – 4.2% of UK population, population density 106.8, median age 32 years

The population of this group is located within 12 Inner London boroughs. The areas of London covered by this supergroup are characterised by a very high population density and a relatively low median age (32 years).

All non-White ethnic groups have a higher representation than the UK as a whole, especially people of Black or Arab ethnicity, with an above average proportion of residents born in other EU countries. Residents are more likely to live in flats and are more likely to rent. A higher proportion of people use public transport to get to work, with lower car ownership and higher unemployment. Those in employment are more likely to work in the information and communication, and the financial, insurance or real estate industries.

5a^r – London cosmopolitan

12 local authorities – 4.2% of UK population, population density 106.8, median age 32 years

The group and parent supergroup are the same in terms of local authority representation. The description for the London cosmopolitan supergroup previously mentioned therefore also applies for the group (which bears the same name).

5a1^r – London cosmopolitan

12 local authorities – 4.2% of UK population, population density 106.8, median age 32 years

The supergroup, parent group and subgroup are the same in terms of local authority representation. The description for the London cosmopolitan supergroup previously mentioned therefore also applies for the subgroup (which bears the same name).

6^r – Services and industrial legacy

57 local authorities – 15.3% of UK population, population density 4.7, median age 41 years

The population of this group is predominately in the Central Belt in Scotland, northern England and south Wales – all traditional mining areas.

There is a much lower representation of ethnic minority groups than for the UK as a whole and a higher than average proportion of residents born in the UK and Ireland. Rates of divorce and separation are above the national rate. Households are more likely to have children and are more likely to live in semi-detached or terraced properties and to socially rent.

There is a smaller proportion of people with higher-level qualifications, with rates of unemployment above the national level. Those in employment are more likely to be employed in the energy, water or air conditioning industries, manufacturing industries, and the mining, quarrying or construction industries. Workers are more likely to use private transport to travel to work than nationally.

6a^r – Services, manufacturing and mining legacy

44 local authorities – 11.8% of UK population, population density 6.0, median age 41 years

This group largely covers parts of northern England and south Wales. The population density is higher than for the parent supergroup and there is a higher representation of persons of mixed ethnic group. Residents are more likely to live in a semi-detached property and to live in privately-rented accommodation. Workers are more likely to work part-time and compared with the supergroup, there is a higher prevalence of workers in the manufacturing, and wholesale and retail trade industries.

6a1^r – Manufacturing legacy

20 local authorities – 5.4% of UK population, population density 7.3, median age 41 years

This subgroup has a slightly older age structure compared with the parent group and its two other subgroups. There is a higher proportion of residents of mixed ethnic group, Indian, Pakistani or Bangladeshi ethnic group and Chinese and other ethnic group. Residents are more likely to live in flats and to be privately renting. Adults are more likely to have higher-level qualifications, whilst workers are more likely to use public transport to commute to work and be employed in the public administration or defence industry, and the accommodation or food service activities industry.

6a2^r – Mining legacy

15 local authorities – 3.7% of UK population, population density 3.6, median age 41 years

The age structure is very similar to the parent group. For households there is a higher prevalence of living in terrace or end-terrace properties. For adults, there is higher unemployment than for the supergroup as a whole and a higher proportion of workers in the energy, water or air conditioning industry.

6a3^r – Service economy

9 local authorities – 2.7% of UK population, population density 13.8, median age 42 years

This subgroup covers just nine local authority areas in England and Wales. The age structure for this subgroup is also very similar to the parent group. Adults have a higher prevalence of being married or in a civil partnership. There is also a higher prevalence of people in the mixed ethnic group and Indian, Pakistani or Bangladeshi ethnic group, and a higher prevalence of people born in the EU. Households are more likely to live in detached or semi-detached properties. Adults generally have a lower level of qualifications. Workers are more likely to commute by private transport and to be employed in the wholesale and retail trade, and transport or storage industries.

6b^r – Scottish industrial legacy

13 local authorities – 3.5% of UK population, population density 2.7, median age 42 years

This group covers 13 local authorities within the Central Belt in Scotland. Compared with the supergroup, there is a higher proportion of people aged 45 to 64 years and residents are more likely to live in flats and in social rented accommodation. Workers are more likely to commute to work using private transport, to work full-time and to be employed in the financial, insurance and real estate industry.

6b1^r – Scottish industrial legacy

13 local authorities – 3.5% of UK population, population density 2.7, median age 42 years

The subgroup and parent group are the same in terms of local authority representation. The description for the Scottish industrial legacy group previously mentioned therefore also applies for the subgroup (which bears the same name as the parent group).

7r – Town and country living

79 local authorities – 16.1% of UK population, population density 2.0, median age 42 years

This supergroup is represented within all countries of the UK and English regions with the exception of the North East and London regions. The population density (at 2.0 persons per hectare) is below the UK as a whole (at 2.6 persons per hectare).

There is a low proportion of persons by minority ethnic group and a relatively high proportion of residents were born in the UK or Ireland. Compared with the UK as a whole, the population is more likely to be aged 45 years and over, and with a higher median age (42 years).

Residents are more likely to live in detached or semi-detached properties, to own their home and to use private transport for travel to work, with higher car ownership. Residents also have higher levels of educational attainment. People are more likely to work in manufacturing industries.

7a^r – Country living

41 local authorities – 7.9% of UK population, population density 1.5, median age 43 years

This group has a similar age structure to the parent supergroup, though there is a higher prevalence of adults who are divorced or separated and adults with no children. Adults also generally have lower-level qualifications than the supergroup as a whole. Workers are more likely to be employed in the agriculture, forestry and fishing industry, and the manufacturing industry.

7a1^r – Country living

41 local authorities – 7.9% of UK population, population density 1.5, median age 43 years

The subgroup and parent group are the same in terms of local authority representation. The description for the country living group previously mentioned therefore also applies for the subgroup (which bears the same name as the parent group).

7b^r – Northern Ireland countryside

8 local authorities – 1.9% of UK population, population density 1.0, median age 38 years

This group covers eight local authorities in Northern Ireland. This group has a lower median age than for the supergroup as a whole, with a higher proportion of children aged 0 to 14 years. Residents are more likely to have been born in new EU counties. Households are more likely to be living in privately-rented accommodation, whilst workers are more likely to commute to work using private transport and to work in the wholesale and retail trade industry. Unemployment is also more prevalent than for the supergroup as a whole.

7b1r – Northern Ireland countryside

8 local authorities – 1.9% of UK population, population density 1.0, median age 38 years

The subgroup and parent group are the same in terms of local authority representation. The description for the Northern Ireland countryside group previously mentioned therefore also applies for the subgroup (which bears the same name as the parent group).

7cr – Town living

30 local authorities – 6.3% of UK population, population density 5.4, median age 43 years

Local authority areas from all UK countries are represented with this group. This group has a noticeably higher population density (5.4 persons per hectare) than for the supergroup (2.0 persons per hectare). There is also a higher representation amongst older age groups (65 to 89 years and 90 years and over). There is also a high representation amongst minority ethnic groups. Residents are more likely to live in flats and to own their property. Qualification levels are generally higher than for the supergroup as a whole, workers are more likely to use public transport to commute to work and to be employed in the financial-related industries.

7c1^r – Prosperous semi-rural

7 local authorities – 1.1% of UK population, population density 4.6, median age 45 years

This subgroup covers just seven local authority areas in England and Scotland. Compared with the parent group, there is a higher prevalence of people aged 45 to 64 years and 65 to 89 years and a high prevalence of people born in the UK or Ireland. Residents are more likely to live in a detached property and to be social renting. Workers are more likely to commute to work by public transport and to be employed in the mining, quarrying or construction industry, and financial-related industries.

7c2^r – Prosperous towns

23 local authorities – 5.3% of UK population, population density 5.6, median age 42 years

Compared with the parent group within this subgroup, there is a higher representation of children aged 0 to 14 years and persons aged 25 to 44 years. Residents are more likely to live in a terrace or end-terrace property and to be privately renting. For workers, employment by different industries is broadly similar to the parent group.

8^r – Urban settlements

55 local authorities – 15.0% of UK population, population density 12.6, median age 38 years

The population of this supergroup are confined to the nine English regions and Wales (Newport) only. The areas are characterised by a slightly younger age structure than nationally, with higher proportions of all groups aged 45 and under (covering the age groups 0 to 4 years, 5 to 14 years and 25 to 44 years).

Ethnic groups are over-represented compared with the national picture and households are more likely to live in semi-detached or terraced housing. Adults generally have lower qualifications than nationally and are more likely to be unemployed. Residents who are employed are more likely to work in the wholesale and retail trade, transport and storage, and administrative and support services industries. Workers are more likely to commute using public transport and car ownership is lower than nationally.

8a^r – Manufacturing traits

32 local authorities – 9.5% of UK population, population density 13.9, median age 38 years

This group is confined to local authority areas in England and Wales only. Compared with the supergroup there are proportionately more people aged 65 to 89 years and 90 years and over. A higher proportion of residents are of the Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic group and are born in the UK or Ireland. Residents are more likely to live in a semi-detached property and to privately rent. There is a higher prevalence of part-time working and workers are more likely to be employed in the health and social work industry and manufacturing industry.

8a1^r – Industrial and multi-ethnic

16 local authorities – 6.4% of UK population, population density 18.1, median age 37 years

The subgroup has a higher representation than the parent group of children aged 0 to 14 years and minority ethnic group representation. Residents are more likely to live in a semi-detached property and to be social renting. There is a higher unemployment rate compared with the parent group and workers are more likely to work in the accommodation or food service activities industry, and transport and storage industry.

8a2^r – Urban living

16 local authorities – 3.1% of UK population, population density 9.4, median age 40 years

This subgroup has an older age structure than the other subgroup within the parent group and there is a higher proportion divorced or separated and of White ethnic group. Residents are more likely to live in a detached property, owned or with shared ownership. Households are more likely to own two or more cars, workers are more likely to use private transport to commute to work and are more likely to work full-time.

8b^r – Suburban traits

23 local authorities – 5.5% of UK population. population density 10.8, median age 38 years

This group has a higher proportion of people aged 25 to 44 years than the supergroup and a higher proportion have Chinese and other, or Black, African, Caribbean or Black British ethnicity. A higher proportion of residents are born in other EU countries, whilst households are more likely to live in flats, to own their own property (either outright or though shared ownership) and to own two or more vehicles. Workers are more likely to work full-time and to work in the transport and storage industry, and the administrative or support services industry.

8b1^r – City periphery

12 local authorities – 3.1% of UK population, population density 18.2, median age 39 years

This subgroup covers 11 local authority areas in the south of England (within the East, London and South East regions) and one in the North region (Trafford). The subgroup has a slightly older age profile than its parent group and a larger proportion were born in the UK. Residents are more likely to live in a terraced property or flats and to have lower-level qualifications. Workers are more likely to use public transport to commute to work, to work part-time and to be employed in the mining, quarrying or construction industry, and the financial-related industries.

8b2^r – Expanded areas

11 local authorities – 2.4% of UK population, population density 7.2, median age 37 years

Compared with the parent group, there is a higher proportion of children aged 0 to 4 years and adults aged 25 to 44 years. Adults are more likely to be divorced and there is a higher representation amongst the Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic group. Residents are also more likely to be born in other EU countries, to live in a detached property and to be privately renting. Adults generally have a higher level of qualifications, whilst workers are more likely to work full-time and to work in the manufacturing industry, and the wholesale and retail trade industry.

Radial plots (PDF, 5.8MB)

Health areas

Pen portraits for the 2011 Area Classification for Health Areas

Introduction

The following pen portraits describe the clusters that make up the 2011 Area Classification for Health Areas, providing an informal view of the characteristics of each cluster. The classification is a hierarchical classification, consisting of three tiers of supergroups, groups and subgroups for 235 health areas in the UK:

• 209 clinical commissioning groups in England

• seven local health boards in Wales

• 14 health boards in Scotland

• five health and social care boards in Northern Ireland

The labels used for the supergroups, groups and subgroups and the descriptions of them are intended to be illustrative of the characteristics of health areas in terms of their demographic structure, household composition, housing, socio-economic characteristics and employment patterns. In reality, within each health area there will be variability with these characteristics.

These pen portraits complement the separately published radial plots that display the 59 2011 Census statistics used to derive the classification. Radial plots are presented for each of the supergroups, groups and subgroups that comprise the classification; each data point on a radial plot displays the value for each of the standardised and transformed 2011 Census variables used.

Also published are maps, which allow for the identification of the geographical coverage of the health areas that comprise individual supergroups, groups and subgroups.

Supergroups

There are eight supergroups forming the top tier of the hierarchy, denoted by a number (n) before their name in the following descriptions. These provide the most generic descriptions of the population in the UK. Descriptions for supergroups that discuss the average are referring to the “average” characteristics for the UK. If not explicitly stated, comparisons (for example, higher or lower) are made with the UK as a whole.

Groups

The middle tier is the group level, of which there are 16, each denoted by a number and letter (nx) in the descriptions. These provide a further description of an area’s characteristics, in addition to, and comparison with the parent supergroup characteristics.

As the classification is a top-down classification, any group that starts with the same number as a supergroup will have been derived from that supergroup only. The supergroups produce one to three groups each. Descriptions for groups that refer to the average are referring to the “average” of the parent supergroup and not the national average. If not explicitly stated, comparisons (for example, higher or lower) are made with the parent supergroup.

Subgroups

The bottom tier of the 2011 output area classification hierarchy is the subgroups. There are 22 of these groups each denoted by a number, letter and number (nxn). These descriptions supplement both the parent supergroup and parent group characteristics, and comparisons are made with the parent group.

Any subgroup starting with the same nx as a group means it will have been derived from that group only. The groups produce one to three subgroups each. Descriptions for subgroups that refer to the average are referring to the average of the parent group and not the supergroup or national “average”. If not explicitly stated, comparisons (for example, higher or lower) are made with the parent group.

Names and descriptions

The names and descriptions for the eight supergroups, 16 groups and 22 subgroups with the classification are meant to provide greater insight than just examining the statistical outputs of cluster analysis alone. While they may not necessarily reflect the characteristics of the entire population, they are likely to represent the general characteristics of the health areas assigned to specific clusters.

Glossary

With the pen portraits descriptions, there are a number of phrases and terms used that require a fuller description.

Old EU countries – refers to the 15 pre-2004 accession countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Irish Republic, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the UK.

New EU countries – refers to the 10 accession countries who joined the EU in 2004: Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia, and the two countries who joined in 2007 – Bulgaria and Romania.

Industries – based on aggregations of industries from the Standard Industrial Classification 2007: SIC 2007, including

• agriculture, forestry and fishing
• mining, quarrying or construction industries
• manufacturing industry
• energy, water or air conditioning supply industries
• wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motor cycles industries
• transport or storage industries
• accommodation or food service activities industries
• information and communication or professional, scientific and technical activities industries
• financial, insurance or real estate industries
• administrative or support service activities industries
• public administration or defence; compulsory social security industries
• education sector
• human health and social work activities industries

For ease of readability, the supergroup, group and subgroup descriptions frequently abbreviate the previously mentioned descriptions, for example, referring to financial-related industries, rather than using the full description.

Overcrowding – as measured by the percentage of households who have one fewer or less rooms than required.

Qualifications – refers to different past and present qualifications, including:

• level 1, examples include GCSEs (grades D to G) and diplomas (City and Guilds, BTEC)

• level 2, examples include GCSEs (grades A* to C) and O Levels (grades A to C)

• level 3, examples include A Levels (grades A to E) and AS Levels

• level 4 and above, examples include Higher National Certificates (HNCs) and degrees

UK population – 2011 Census usually-resident population (UK total equals 63,182,178).

Population density – persons per hectare, derived from 2011 Census area and population figures; UK population density equals 2.6 persons per hectare.

Median age – derived from 2011 Census (UK median age equals 39 years).

Supergroup, group and subgroup descriptions

1 – Affluent England

30 health areas – 13.7% of UK population, population density 3.7, median age 40 years

The population of this supergroup largely live in health areas covering counties in England near to and around London – Buckinghamshire, Hampshire, Hertfordshire, Kent, Oxfordshire and Surrey.

Residents are much more likely to live in detached housing and to own their own property. The supergroup has an above average ethnic minority mix and a higher proportion of UK and Irish born residents than nationally. Residents are far more likely to be represented in the 5 to 14 years age group than nationally. Rates of divorce or separation are lower than nationally and the proportion of persons aged 16 years and over with higher qualifications is above the national average.

Unemployment rates are noticeably below the national average. For employed residents, they are more likely to work in the information and communication industries than nationally, they are more likely to work full-time, and are more likely to travel to work using public transport, though households owning two or more cars are also more prevalent than nationally.

1a – Rural-urban fringe

13 health areas – 6.0% of UK population, population density 5.4, median age 39 years

The population density for areas covered by this group is noticeably higher than for the parent supergroup. Compared with the supergroup, a higher proportion of residents have an ethnic background and were born in other EU countries. Residents are more likely to live in flats, and to live in overcrowding conditions. Workers are more likely to work full-time and to be employed in the transport and storage industry.

1a1 – Rural-urban fringe

13 health areas – 6.0% of UK population, population density 5.4, median age 39 years

The subgroup and parent group are the same in terms of health area representation. The description for the rural-urban fringe group previously mentioned therefore also applies for the subgroup (which bears the same name as the parent group).

1b – Thriving rural

17 health areas – 7.8% of UK population, population density 3.0, median age 40 years

Compared with the supergroup, this group has a higher proportion of residents who are White and UK born. There is a higher proportion of households living in detached properties. Residents are more likely to have lower-level qualifications, households are more likely to have access to two or more cars and workers are more likely to use private transport to get to work and to be employed in the agriculture, forestry and fishing industries.

1b1 – Affluent rural

6 health areas – 3.0% of UK population, population density 2.7, median age 41 years

The subgroup has a higher proportion of persons in the older age groups (aged 65 to 89 years and 90 years and over) than the parent group. Households are more likely to live in a detached property and to have owned or shared ownership of their home. Adults typically have higher level qualifications than for the parent group as a whole and workers are more likely to be employed in the education, and information and communication industries.

1b2 – Rural growth areas

11 health areas – 4.8% of UK population, population density 3.2, median age 40 years

This subgroup has a higher proportion of residents in the younger age groups (0 to 4 years and 5 to 14 years) than the parent group, Residents are more likely to be divorced or separated and to be White. Households are more likely to live in a terraced property and to be socially-renting. Adults generally have lower qualification levels than the group as a whole, whilst workers are more likely to commute using public transport. Workers are more likely to work full-time and to work in the mining, quarrying or construction, and transport and storage industries.

2 – Business, education and heritage centres

22 health areas – 10.5% of UK population, population density 11.8, median age 35 years

The population of this supergroup live within health areas covering larger cities throughout the UK, excluding London. Residents are more likely to live in either flats or terraces and to privately rent their home. The supergroup has an above average ethnic mix, with an above average proportion of residents from old and new EU countries. A result of this is that households are less likely to speak English or Welsh as their main language. Those in employment are more likely to be working in the education sector, and accommodation or food service activities industries and to use public transport to travel to work. Compared with the UK, educational qualifications are higher, though unemployment is also marginally higher.

2a – Larger towns and cities

14 health areas – 8.0% of UK population, population density 9.6, median age 36 years

The age structure is slightly older than the parent supergroup and residents are more likely to have been born in the UK or Ireland. Residents are more likely to live in detached housing and to own their property or have shared ownership. Adults generally have lower-level qualifications, with households more likely to have access to two or more cars. A higher proportion of workers are employed in the public administration or defence industries.

2a1 – Larger towns and cities

14 health areas – 8.0% of UK population, population density 9.6, median age 36 years

The subgroup and parent group are the same in terms of health area representation. The description for the larger towns and cities group previously mentioned therefore also applies for the subgroup (which bears the same name as the parent group).

2b – University towns and cities

8 health areas – 2.4% of UK population, population density 41.4, median age 31 years

This group is confined to England only and comprises just eight health areas, all of which contain established universities. Compared with the parent supergroup there is a higher proportion of residents aged 25 to 44 years, and a higher representation of ethnic minority groups and residents born in other EU countries. Residents are more likely to live in flats and to rent their accommodation, either through social renting or privately. Adults are more likely to be unemployed, workers are more likely to work full-time and there are a higher proportion of students.

2b1 – University towns and cities

8 health areas – 2.4% of UK population, population density 41.4, median age 31 years

The subgroup and parent group are the same in terms of health area representation. The description for the university towns and cities group previously mentioned therefore also applies for the subgroup (which bears the same name as the parent group).

3 – Countryside living

43 health areas – 18.9% of UK population, population density 0.8, median age 44 years

The population for this supergroup is characterised by living in health areas covering rural areas with a low population density and have a much higher median age (44 years) compared with the UK as a whole (39 years). Residents are more likely to own their own home and to live in a detached property. Unemployment and higher qualification levels (level 4 and above) are both below the national average. Households are more likely to own two or more vehicles and to use private transport to travel to work. Part-time working is also more prevalent than generally in the UK.

Workers are far more likely to be employed in the agriculture, forestry and fishing industry and the accommodation or food service activities industry than workers in the UK generally.

3a – English and Welsh countryside

20 health areas – 9.9% of UK population, population density 1.0, median age 44 years

Compared with the parent supergroup, this group has a higher proportion of children aged 5 to 14 years and adults are more likely to be married and to have no children. Households are more likely to live in semi-detached or terraced properties and to own their own home (either outright or with shared ownership).

Adults are more likely to have higher-level qualifications and households are more likely to own two or more cars. Workers are more likely to work in the public administration or defence, and manufacturing industries.

3a1 – English and Welsh countryside

20 health areas – 9.9% of UK population, population density 1.0, median age 44 years

The subgroup and parent group are the same in terms of health area representation. The description for the English and Welsh countryside group previously mentioned therefore also applies for the subgroup (which bears the same name as the parent group).  

3b – Remoter coastal living

15 health areas – 6.3% of UK population, population density 2.4, median age 45 years

This group is characterised as having the highest median age (45 years) of all the 16 groups. Compared with the parent supergroup, adults are more likely to be divorced or separated. Residents are more likely to live in flats and to live in privately-rented accommodation. Workers are more likely to work part-time and to be employed in the administrative or support services industry and the wholesale and retail trade industry.

3b1 – Ageing coastal living

9 health areas – 4.4% of UK population, population density 2.0, median age 45 years

This subgroup covers health areas on the east and south coast of England. Of the 22 different subgroups, this subgroup has the joint highest median age (45 years). Residents are more likely to live in a detached house or bungalow and to own their own home, either owned or through shared ownership. Adults are more likely to have higher-level qualifications and households are more likely to have two or more cars. Workers are more likely to be employed in the accommodation or food service activities, and mining, quarrying or construction industries.

3b2 – Seaside living

6 health areas – 1.9% of UK population, population density 4.5, median age 44 years

Compared with the parent group, with this subgroup there is a higher prevalence of 0-to-14-year-olds, of single persons and adults who have divorced or separated. Amongst ethnic groups there is a higher prevalence of the Chinese and other ethnic group and a higher prevalence of residents born in other EU countries. Residents are more likely to live in a terrace or end-terrace property and flats, and to privately rent. Adults are more likely to have lower qualification levels, to use public transport to commute to work, and to be unemployed. Workers are more likely to be employed in the transport and storage industry.

3c – Scottish countryside

8 health areas – 2.6% of UK population, population density 0.2, median age 42 years

This group comprises eight rural Scottish health areas that are sparsely populated. With this group there is a higher proportion of residents aged 25 to 44 years than with the parent supergroup and adults are more likely to be single. Residents are more likely to live in detached housing and to be social renting. Adults are more likely to have lower-level qualifications, whilst a higher proportion of workers use private transport for commuting to work and work full-time. Workers are also more likely to work in the transport and storage, and mining, quarrying or construction industries.

3c1 – Scottish countryside

8 health areas – 2.6% of UK population, population density 0.2, median age 42 years

The parent group and subgroup are the same in terms of health area representation. The description for the Scottish countryside group previously mentioned therefore also applies for the subgroup (which bears the same name).

4 – Ethnically diverse city living

19 health areas – 7.9% of UK population, population density 48.3, median age 33 years

The population of this supergroup live in health areas covering parts of Outer London, Bradford, Leicester, Luton and Slough.

A major characteristic of these areas is that they have a high proportion of residents from non-White ethnic groups. Population density is high, as is overcrowding (households who have one fewer or less rooms than required), and there is a relatively young population age structure. Households are more likely to reside in terrace housing or flats than households generally and to either socially rent or privately rent. Unemployment is higher than recorded nationally. Compared with the UK as a whole, workers in the administrative and support services industry are most over-represented, and workers are more likely to use public transport to get to work.

4a – Ethnically diverse city living

19 health areas – 7.9% of UK population, population density 48.3, median age 33 years

The group and parent group are the same in terms of health area representation. The description for the ethnically diverse city living parent group previously mentioned therefore also applies for the group (which bears the same name).

4a1 – Ethnically diverse city living

19 health areas – 7.9% of UK population, population density 48.3, median age 33 years

The supergroup, parent group and subgroup are the same in terms of health area representation. The description for the ethnically diverse city living group previously mentioned therefore also applies for the subgroup (which bears the same name as the parent group).

5 – London cosmopolitan

11 health areas – 4.2% of UK population, population density 106.8, median age 32 years

The population of this group is located within 11 central London health areas, characterised by a very high population density and a relatively low median age (32 years).

All non-White ethnic groups have a higher representation than the UK as a whole, especially people of Black or Arab ethnicity, with an above average proportion of residents born in other EU countries. Residents are more likely to live in flats and are more likely to rent. A higher proportion of people use public transport to get to work and unemployment is higher. Those in employment are more likely to work in the information and communication, and financial-related industries.

5a – London cosmopolitan

11 health areas – 4.2% of UK population, population density 106.8, median age 32 years

The group and parent group are the same in terms of health area representation. The description for the London cosmopolitan parent group previously mentioned therefore also applies for the group (which bears the same name).

5a1 – London cosmopolitan

11 health areas – 4.2% of UK population, population density 106.8, median age 32 years

The supergroup, parent group and subgroup are the same in terms of health area representation. The description for the London cosmopolitan group previously mentioned therefore also applies for the subgroup (which bears the same name).

6 – Services and industrial legacy

34 health areas – 15.1% of UK population, population density 4.7, median age 41 years

The population of this group live predominately in health areas within the Central Belt in Scotland, northern England and south Wales – all traditional mining areas.

There is a much lower representation of minority ethnic groups than for the UK as whole and a higher than average proportion of residents born in the UK or Ireland. Rates of divorce and separation are above the national rate. Households are more likely to live in semi-detached or terraced properties and to socially rent. There is a smaller proportion of people with higher-level qualifications and rates of unemployment are above the national level. Those in employment are more likely to be employed in energy, water or air conditioning industries, manufacturing industries, and the mining, quarrying or construction industries. Workers are more likely to use private transport to travel to work than nationally.

6a – Service, manufacturing and mining legacy

29 health areas – 10.7% of UK population, population density 7.0, median age 41 years

This group largely covers health areas covering parts of northern England and south Wales. The population density is higher than for the parent supergroup and there is a higher representation of persons of mixed ethnic group. Residents are more likely to live in a semi-detached property, and to live in privately-rented accommodation. Workers are more likely to work part-time and compared with the supergroup, there is a higher prevalence of workers in the manufacturing, and wholesale and retail trade industries.

6a1 – Manufacturing legacy

15 health areas – 4.8% of UK population, population density 9.0, median age 41 years

The age structure is very similar to the parent group. For households there is a higher prevalence of living in semi-detached and detached properties. For adults, there is lower unemployment than for the supergroup as a whole (but higher than national levels), and a higher proportion of workers in the wholesale and retail trade industry.

6a2 – Mining legacy

6 health areas – 2.9% of UK population, population density 4.3, median age 41 years

The age structure for this subgroup is also very similar to the parent group. There is a higher proportion of residents born in the UK or Ireland compared with the parent group. Households are more likely to live in terrace or end-terrace properties and to be social renting. Unemployment is higher than for the parent group, whilst workers are more likely to be employed in the energy, water or air conditioning industries.

6a3 – Service economy

8 health areas – 3.0% of UK population, population density 9.4, median age 41 years

This subgroup has a slightly older age structure compared with the parent group and its two other subgroups. Compared with the parent group, there is a higher proportion of adults divorced or separated. Residents are more likely to live in flats and to be privately renting. Adults are more likely to have higher-level qualifications, whilst workers are more likely to use public transport to commute to work and be employed in the public administration or defence industry and the accommodation or food service activities industry.

6b – Scottish industrial heritage

5 health areas – 4.5% of UK population, population density 2.6, median age 41 years

This group covers just five health areas within the Central Belt in Scotland. Compared with the supergroup, residents are more likely to live in flats and to live in social rented accommodation. Workers are more likely to commute to work using private transport, to work full-time and to be employed in financial-related industries.

6b1 – Scottish industrial heritage

5 health areas – 4.5% of UK population, population density 2.6, median age 41 years

The subgroup and parent group are the same in terms of health area representation. The description for the Scottish industrial heritage group previously mentioned therefore also applies for the subgroup (which bears the same name as the parent group).

7 – Town and country living

39 health areas – 14.1% of UK population, population density 2.3, median age 41 years

This supergroup covers health areas in Northern Ireland and all English regions except London. The population density (at 2.3 persons per hectare) is below the UK as a whole (at 2.6 persons per hectare).

There is a low proportion of persons by minority ethnic group and a high proportion of residents were born in the UK or Ireland. Compared with the UK as a whole, the population is more likely to be aged 45 years and over, and with a higher median age (41 years).

Residents are more likely to live in detached or semi-detached properties, to own their home and to use private transport for travel to work, with higher car ownership. Adults are more likely to work in manufacturing industries.

7a – Country living

14 health areas – 4.0% of UK population, population density 2.3, median age 43 years

This group has an older age structure to the parent supergroup, a higher median age and a higher prevalence of adults who are divorced or separated, with no children. Adults also generally have lower-level qualifications than the UK as a whole. Workers are more likely to be employed in the transport and storage industry and agriculture, forestry and fishing industry.

7a1 – Country living

14 health areas – 4.0% of UK population, population density 2.3, median age 43 years

The subgroup and parent group are the same in terms of health area representation. The description for the country living group previously mentioned therefore also applies for the subgroup (which bears the same name as the parent group).

7b – Northern Ireland countryside

4 health areas – 2.3% of UK population, population density 1.1, median age 37 years

This group covers four of the five health areas in Northern Ireland. This group has a lower median age than for the supergroup as a whole, with a higher proportion of children aged 0 to 14 years. Residents are more likely to have been born in other EU countries. Households are more likely to be living in privately-rented accommodation, whilst workers are more likely to commute to work using private transport and to work in the public administration or defence, and wholesale and retail trade industries. Unemployment is also more prevalent than for the supergroup as a whole.

7b1 – Northern Ireland countryside

4 health areas – 2.3% of UK population, population density 1.1, median age 37 years

The subgroup and parent group are the same in terms of health area representation. The description for the Northern Ireland countryside group previously mentioned therefore also applies for the subgroup (which bears the same name as the parent group).

7c – Town living

21 health areas – 7.9% of UK population, population density 3.5, median age 42 years

This group has a higher population density (at 3.5 persons per hectare) than for the parent supergroup (2.3 persons per hectare). There is also a higher representation amongst older age groups (65 to 89 years and 90 years and over). There is also a high representation amongst ethnic groups. Residents are more likely to live in flats and to own their property. Qualification levels are generally higher than for the supergroup as a whole, workers are more likely to use public transport to commute to work and are more likely to be employed in the education, and energy, water or air conditioning industries.

7c1 – Town living

21 health areas – 7.9% of UK population, population density 3.5, median age 42 years

The subgroup and parent group are the same in terms of health area representation. The description for the town living group previously mentioned therefore also applies for the subgroup (which bears the same name as the parent group).

8 – Urban settlements

37 health areas – 15.6% of UK population, population density 9.9, median age 37 years

The population of this supergroup is confined to health areas covering eight of the nine English regions (the exception is London). The areas are characterised by a slightly younger age structure than nationally, with higher proportions of all groups below the age of 45 years (covering the age groups 0 to 4 years, 5 to 14 years, and 25 to 44 years).

Ethnic groups are over-represented compared with nationally and households are more likely to live in semi-detached or terraced housing. Adults generally have lower-level qualifications than nationally and are more likely to be unemployed. Residents who are employed are more likely to work in the wholesale and retail trade, transport and storage, and manufacturing industries. There is also a higher proportion of workers using either public transport and private transport, though a smaller proportion who commute by walking, bicycle or other means.

8a – Manufacturing traits

24 health areas – 10.7% of UK population, population density 11.4, median age 37 years

This group is confined to health areas in England and Wales only. Compared with the parent supergroup, the proportion of people aged 65 to 89 years and aged 90 years and over is slightly higher. A higher proportion of residents are of the Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic group and are born in the UK or Ireland. Residents are slightly more likely to live in a semi-detached property and to socially rent or privately rent. There is a higher prevalence of part-time working and workers are more likely to be employed in the health and social work industry and manufacturing industry.

8a1 – Industrial and multi-ethnic

15 health areas – 7.1% of UK population, population density 20.0, median age 36 years

The subgroup has a higher representation than the parent group of children aged 0 to 14 years and a higher ethnic minority group representation. Residents are more likely to live in a semi-detached property and to be social renting. There is a higher unemployment rate compared with the parent group and workers are more likely to work in the transport and storage industry, and administrative or support services.

8a2 – Urban living

9 health areas – 3.6% of UK population, population density 6.2, median age 39 years

This subgroup has an older age structure than the other subgroup within the parent group and there is a higher proportion divorced or separated, and of White ethnic group. Residents are more likely to live in a detached property, owned or with shared ownership. Households are more likely to own two or more cars and workers are more likely to work full-time and use private transport to commute to work.

8b – Suburban traits

13 health areas – 4.8% of UK population. population density 7.7, median age 38 years

This group has a higher proportion of people aged 25 to 44 years and 45 to 64 years than the supergroup and a higher proportion have Chinese and other, or Black, African, Caribbean or Black British ethnicity. A higher proportion of residents are born in the EU, whilst households are more likely to live in flats, to own their own property (either outright or though shared ownership) and to own two or more vehicles. Workers are more likely to work full-time and to work in the transport and storage industry and financial-related industries.

8b1 – City periphery

8 health areas – 2.9% of UK population, population density 14.9 years, median age 39 years

This subgroup covers eight health area areas in England, all in a cluster in southern England (covering parts of East London, Essex and Kent), with one exception (NHS Trafford Clinical Commissioning Group). The subgroup has an older age profile than its parent group and a larger proportion were born in the UK or Ireland. Residents are more likely to live in a semi-detached property. Workers are more likely to use public transport to commute to work and are more likely to work part-time and to be employed in the mining, quarrying or construction industry, and financial-related industries.

8b2 – Expanded areas

5 health areas – 2.0% of UK population, population density 4.5, median age 38 years This subgroup covers just five health areas in England. Compared with the parent group, there is a higher proportion of children aged 0 to 4 years and adults aged 25 to 44 years. Adults are more likely to be divorced or separated and residents are also more likely to be born in other EU countries, to live in a detached property, and to be privately renting. Workers are more likely to work full-time and to work in the wholesale and retail trade industry, and manufacturing industry.

Radial plots (PDF, 3.9MB)

Super Output Areas

Pen portraits for the 2011 Area Classification for Super Output Areas

Introduction

The following pen portraits describe the clusters that make up the 2011 Area Classification for Super Output Areas, providing an informal view of the characteristics of each cluster. The classification is a hierarchical classification and for this classification consists of two tiers of supergroups and groups, based on 42,619 small areas, collectively referred to as Super Output Areas (SOAs), based on these country-specific small area geographies as defined for 2011 Census outputs:

• Lower Layer Super Output Areas in England and Wales (34,753)

• Data Zones in Scotland (6,976)

• Super Output Areas in Northern Ireland (890)

Unlike other area classifications updated following the 2011 Census, a third tier of the classification (for subgroups) has not been produced as it is not apparent that there is a user demand for these. However, if there was a strong user requirement for a third tier (for subgroups) then this decision will be reviewed. The labels used for the supergroups and groups and the descriptions of them are intended to be illustrative of the characteristics of areas in terms of their demographic structure, household composition, housing, socio-economic characteristics or employment patterns. In reality, within each SOA there will be variability with these characteristics.

These pen portraits complement the separately published radial plots, which display the 60 2011 Census statistics used to derive the classification. Radial plots are presented for each of the supergroups and groups that comprise the classification; each data point on a radial plot displays the value for each of the standardised and transformed 2011 Census variables used.

Also published are maps, which allow for the identification of the geographical coverage of the SOAs, which comprise individual supergroups and groups.

Supergroups

There are eight supergroups forming the upper tier of the hierarchy, denoted by a number (n) before their name in the following descriptions. These provide the most generic descriptions of the population in the UK. Descriptions for supergroups that discuss the average are referring to the “average” characteristics for the UK. If not explicitly stated, comparisons (for example, higher or lower) are made with the UK.

Groups

The lower tier is the group level, of which there are 24, each denoted by a number and letter (nx) in the descriptions. These provide a further description of an area’s characteristics, in addition to and comparison with the parent supergroup characteristics. As the classification is a top-down classification, any group that starts with the same n as a supergroup will have been derived from that supergroup only. The supergroups contain one to five groups each. Descriptions for groups that refer to the average are referring to the “average” of the parent supergroup and not the national average. If not explicitly stated, comparisons (for example, higher or lower) are made with the parent supergroup.

Names and descriptions

The names and descriptions for the eight supergroups and 24 groups with the classification are meant to provide greater insight than just examining the statistical outputs of cluster analysis alone. While they may not necessarily reflect the characteristics of the entire population, they are intended to represent the general characteristics of the SOAs assigned to specific clusters. It is not intended that the names for the supergroups and groups are mutually exclusive, so, for example, the label attributed to a particular group to reflect the SOAs within that group, could in some cases also be applicable to SOAs within a different group.

Glossary

With the pen portraits descriptions, there are a number of phrases and terms used that require a fuller description.

Old EU countries – refers to the 15 pre-2004 accession countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Irish Republic, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the UK.

New EU countries – refers to the 10 accession countries who joined the EU in 2004: Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia, and the two countries who joined in 2007 – Bulgaria and Romania.

Industries – based on aggregations of industries from the Standard Industrial Classification 2007: SIC 2007, include:

• agriculture, forestry and fishing
• mining, quarrying or construction industries
• manufacturing industry
• energy, water or air conditioning supply industries
• wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motor cycles industries
• transport or storage industries
• accommodation or food service activities industries
• information and communication or professional, scientific and technical activities industries
• financial, insurance or real estate industries
• administrative or support service activities industries
• public administration or defence; compulsory social security industries
• education sector
• human health and social work activities industries

For ease of readability, the supergroup and group descriptions frequently abbreviate the previously mentioned descriptions, for example, referring to financial-related industries, rather than using the full description. Overcrowding – as measured by the percentage of households who have one fewer or less rooms than required. Qualifications – refers to different past and present qualifications, including:

• level 1, examples include GCSEs (grades D to G) and diplomas (City and Guilds, BTEC)

• level 2, examples include GCSEs (grades A* to C) and O Levels (grades A to C)

• level 3, examples include A Levels (grades A to E) and AS Levels

• level 4 and above, examples include Higher National Certificates (HNCs) and degrees

UK population – 2011 Census usually resident population (UK total equals 63,182,178).

Population density – persons per hectare, derived from 2011 Census area and population figures; UK population density equals 2.6 persons per hectare.

Median age – derived from 2011 Census (UK median age equals 39 years).

Unemployment percentage – derived from total population aged 16 to 74 years who were recorded as unemployed in the 2011 Census (UK unemployment level equals 4.4%).

Supergroup and group descriptions

1 – Cosmopolitan student neighbourhoods

1,704 SOAs – 4.1% of UK population, population density 38.2, median age 26 years, unemployment 3.7%

The population of this supergroup typically live in cities and major towns across the UK containing universities, and because of this, there is a large student population, characterised by a relatively large proportion of households with full-time students (8.5%).

Residents are much more likely to live in communal establishments – such as university halls of residences and flats. Residents are also more likely than nationally to live in private or social rented accommodation (applies to 62.0% of all households). There is a much younger age structure than nationally, with a median age of 26 years – the lowest of any of the eight supergroups. The supergroup has an above average ethnic mix and below average proportion of residents UK and Irish born.

Qualification levels are higher than nationally, and for those in employment, a higher proportion use public transport or walk and cycle to get to work (over half of all employed residents).

Employed residents aged 16 to 74 years are more likely to work in the accommodation or food service activities industries (11.0% of employed residents, the highest percentage for any supergroup) and to work part-time (31.5% of employed residents, the highest percentage for any supergroup).

1a – Cosmopolitan student neighbourhoods

1,704 SOAs – 4.1% of UK population, population density 38.2, median age 26 years, unemployment 3.7%

The group and parent group are the same in terms of SOA representation. The description for the cosmopolitan student neighbourhoods supergroup therefore also applies for this group, which bears the same name as the parent supergroup.

2 – Countryside living

5,620 SOAs – 13.5% of UK population, population density 0.4, median age 46 years, unemployment 2.6%

The population of this supergroup live in rural areas across the whole of the UK, the SOAs covered by this supergroup cover 87% of the total UK land area.

Residents are much more likely to live in detached housing (57.1% of households – the highest percentage for any supergroup) and to own their own property. The supergroup has a below average ethnic mix and above average proportion of UK and Irish born residents. Residents are far more likely to be represented in older age groups than nationally. The median age of 46 years is the highest of all the supergroups. Rates of divorce or separation are lower than nationally and the proportion of persons aged 16 years and over with higher qualifications is above the national average.

Unemployment rates are below the national average, whilst employed residents are noticeably more likely to work in the agriculture, forestry and fishing industries. Households are more likely to own two or more cars or vans and to use private transport to get to work.

2a – Ageing rural neighbourhoods

1,189 SOAs – 3.0% of UK population, population density 0.6, median age 47 years, unemployment 2.3%

Residents within this group cluster have the highest joint-median age (47 years) of all the 24 groups and compared with the parent supergroup, there is a noticeably higher proportion of residents living in a communal establishment and an observably higher proportion aged 90 years and over. A higher proportion of residents have mixed ethnicity or are from multiple ethnic groups.

Households are more likely to live in a terraced property or a flat (though for these two housing types combined, less than one-quarter of all households do so) and to privately rent than for the parent supergroup, though most households live in a detached property (55.2%). Employed residents are also marginally more likely to use public transport, cycle or walk to work and to work in the accommodation or food service activities industries than for the parent supergroup.

2b – Prospering countryside life

1,525 SOAs – 3.8% of UK population, population density 0.7, median age 46 years, unemployment 2.2%

Compared with the parent supergroup, a higher proportion of residents have mixed ethnicity or are from multiple ethnic groups. Residents are also more likely to have a higher level of qualifications. Nearly four-fifths of households own or have shared ownership of their property. Car ownership is also slightly higher than for the parent supergroup – with 57.7% of households having access to two or more cars, which is the highest percentage for any of the 24 groups.

Workers are more likely to use public transport to travel to work than for the parent supergroup and are also more likely to be employed in the information and communication or professional, scientific and technical activities industries and financial-related industries.

2c – Remoter communities

1,622 SOAs – 3.6% of UK population, population density 0.2, median age 46 years, unemployment 2.7%

The population of this group live in remoter parts of the UK, though covering half of the total UK land area. This group has the lowest population density of any of the 24 groups (0.2 persons per hectare). Residents are more likely than the parent supergroup to live in a detached property (69.4% of all households do so – the highest percentage for any group). Residents are also marginally more likely to be privately renting, though households owning their own property or have shared ownership is far more prevalent – 77.5% of households.

An observably higher proportion of workers are employed in the agriculture, forestry and fishing industries than with the parent supergroup (the highest for any group at 8.9% of all employed residents aged 16 to 74 years), there is also a higher prevalence of working in the mining, quarrying or construction industries (the highest for any group at 10.2% of all employed residents aged 16 to 74 years).

2d – Rural traits

1,284 SOAs – 3.1% of UK population, population density 0.8, median age 45 years, unemployment 3.3%

Of the four groups within the parent supergroup countryside living, the rural traits group has the lowest median age (45 years) though this is above the UK median age (39 years).

Residents are more likely to live in a semi-detached, terraced property, or flat than the parent supergroup and to live in socially-rented accommodation, though owned or shared ownership of a property is also relatively high (74.6% of all households).

Workers are also marginally more likely to walk, cycle or use an alternative method to get to work and to be employed in the energy, water or air conditioning supply industries than for the parent supergroup.

3 – Ethnically diverse professionals

5,568 SOAs – 13.9% of UK population, population density 18.8, median age 38 years, unemployment 3.6%

The population of this supergroup typically live largely within cities, fringes of cities or in other urban areas across the UK.

Residents are more likely to live in a flat (a quarter of all households do so). The supergroup has an above average ethnic mix and slightly below average proportion of UK and Irish born residents. Residents are more likely to be represented in the younger age groups than nationally. Rates of divorce or separation are marginally lower than nationally and the proportion of persons aged 16 years and over with higher qualifications is above the national average.

Unemployment rates are below the national average, and for employed residents, they are more likely to work in the information and communication industries and financial-related industries than nationally, to work full-time, and are more likely to travel to work using public transport, though households owning two or more cars are also more prevalent than nationally.

3a – Achieving neighbourhoods

1,266 SOAs – 3.2% of UK population, population density 12.7, median age 36 years, unemployment 3.0%

This group is the least densely populated of the four groups comprising the ethnically-diverse professionals supergroup and with a lower median age (36 years) than for the parent supergroup (38 years).

Residents are slightly more likely to be born in the UK or Ireland and to live in a terraced property than the parent supergroup and households are more likely to own or have shared ownership of their property (74.4% of all households). Workers are more likely than the parent supergroup to use private transport to get to work and to work in the public administration or defence; compulsory social security industries.

3b – Asian traits

1,096 SOAs – 2.7% of UK population, population density 22.7, median age 40 years, unemployment 3.4%

This group has a higher median age (40 years) than for the parent supergroup (38 years). There is also an observably higher proportion of residents from the Indian and Pakistani ethnic groups and a higher proportion of residents whose main language is not English and cannot speak English well or at all. Households are more likely to live in a detached property (25.9% of all households) or a semi-detached property (47.6% of households) and to have two or more cars (40.7% of households).

Workers are more likely to use public transport to travel to work and to work in the education sector than the parent supergroup.

3c – Highly-qualified professionals

1,380 SOAs – 3.4% of UK population, population density 15.7, median age 40 years, unemployment 3.0%

Compared with the supergroup, there is an observably higher proportion of persons aged 90 years and over. Residents are marginally more likely to live in a detached property, but also markedly more likely to live in a flat (41.2% of households) than for the supergroup. Households are more likely to privately rent their accommodation than the parent supergroup. Of the four groups within the ethnically diverse professionals supergroup, adults within this group have the highest qualification levels.

Residents in employment are more likely to work within the information-related industries (16.9% of all workers aged 16 to 74 years).

3d – Households in terraces and flats

1,826 SOAs – 4.6% of UK population, population density 30.3, median age 36 years, unemployment 4.5%

This group has the highest population density (30.3 persons per hectare) of all the four groups within the parent supergroup.

Compared with the parent supergroup, the groups have a higher proportion of persons whose ethnic group is recorded as Black, African, Caribbean or Black British. Residents are also much more likely to live in a terraced property (over one-third of all households) and marginally more likely to live in a flat (as do a quarter of all households) and to live in socially-rented accommodation.

Unemployment is higher for this group than for the other three groups within the parent supergroup, whilst those in employment are more likely to work in the transport or storage industries.

4 – Hard-pressed communities

7,217 SOAs – 15.0% of UK population, population density 29.2, median age 36 years, unemployment 7.5%

The population of this supergroup typically live largely in either current or former industrial areas, in cities and larger towns across the UK.

Residents are much more likely to live in a terraced property or a flat (over two-thirds of all households) and to live in social rented accommodation. The supergroup has a below average ethnic mix and an above average of UK and Irish born residents. Residents are more likely to be represented in younger age groups than nationally. Rates of divorce or separation are higher than nationally, and the proportion of persons aged 16 years and over with higher qualifications is below the national average.

Unemployment rates are observably higher than the national average – at 7.5% the highest for any supergroup. Employed residents are more likely to work in the transport or storage industries and administrative or support services industries and marginally more likely to work part-time than nationally and to travel to work using public transport.

4a – Challenged White communities

2,881 SOAs – 5.7% of UK population, population density 26.3, median age 38 years, unemployment 7.5%

Of the four groups within the supergroup, this group has the lowest population density (26.3 persons per hectare). Residents belonging to this group are more likely to have been born in the UK or Ireland than for the parent supergroup. Households are also more likely to live in a semi-detached property (36.8% of all households) or terraced property (41.5% of all households).

Households are also marginally more likely to own or have shared ownership of a property and to live in socially-rented accommodation (41.4% of households).

For residents in employment, they are marginally more likely than the parent supergroup to use private transport to get to work and more likely to work in the energy, water or air conditioning supply industries than the parent supergroup.

4b – Constrained renters

1,361 SOAs – 3.2% of UK population, population density 27.2, median age 36 years, unemployment 7.0%

Compared with the parent supergroup, residents are more likely to be living in a communal establishment and more likely to be in privately-rented accommodation (over a quarter of all households) and to be living in a terraced property (47.2% of households, the highest percentage for any of the 24 groups).

Workers are more likely to work full-time and to work in the agriculture, forestry and fishing industries.

4c – Hampered neighbourhoods

1,931 SOAs – 4.8% of UK population, population density 33.4, median age 35 years, unemployment 7.4%

Of the four groups within the parent supergroup, this group has the lowest median age (35 years), with higher proportions of residents in the 0 to 4 years and 5 to 14 years age groups. A noticeably higher proportion of residents have mixed ethnicity or are from multiple ethnic groups. All non-White ethnic groups have a higher representation than for the supergroup.

Compared with the parent supergroup, households are more likely to live in a semi-detached property (over one-third of all households) – though households who live in a terraced property are slightly more prevalent and households are also more likely to be socially renting (42.7% of households). Workers are more likely to use public transport to get to work and to work in the education sector.

4d – Hard-pressed flat dwellers

1,044 SOAs – 1.4% of UK population, population density 36.8, median age 39 years, unemployment 8.6%

Of the groups within the parent supergroup, this group has the highest median age (39 years), the same as the UK median age and has the highest population density (36.8 persons per hectare) and lowest proportion of land area. As implied by the name for this group, there is a noticeably higher proportion of households who live in a flat (70.8% of all households) than for the parent supergroup, and social renting is also more prevalent (a half of all households socially-rented – the highest for any of the 24 groups).

Unemployment is also higher than for the parent supergroup (at 8.6% of all residents aged 16 to 74 years, this was the highest level out of all the 24 groups) and workers are more likely to work in financial-related industries.

5 – Industrious communities

9,134 SOAs – 20.6% of UK population, population density 10.3, median age 42 years, unemployment 4.1%

The population of this supergroup typically live largely in industrial areas across the UK and is the largest supergroup in terms of resident population – comprising one-fifth of the total UK population.

Residents are more likely to live in detached, semi-detached or terraced housing (89.2% of all households), and to live in social rented accommodation. The supergroup has a below-average ethnic mix and above-average number of UK and Irish born. Residents are more likely to be represented in the older age groups and the proportion of residents aged over 16 years with higher qualifications is below the national average.

Employed residents are more likely to work in the manufacturing industry and mining, quarrying or construction industries and are more likely to travel to work using private transport than nationally.

5a – Ageing urban communities

1,655 SOAs – 3.9% of UK population, population density 11.2, median age 46 years, unemployment 3.7%

This group has the highest median age (46) of the five groups comprising the industrious communities supergroup (median age 42 years).

Compared with the supergroup, there is a noticeably higher proportion of residents who live in a communal establishment (nearly 5% of all residents) and a noticeably higher proportion of residents aged 90 years and over. Amongst households there is a higher proportion who live in a detached property and a higher proportion who live in a flat.

Educational qualifications are generally higher than the supergroup and for those in employment a higher proportion walk or cycle to work. There is also a higher prevalence of workers in the information and communication or professional-related activities.

5b – Aspiring urban households

1,830 SOAs – 4.5% of UK population, population density 17.1, median age 39 years, unemployment 3.8%

This group has the lowest median age (39 years) of the five groups comprising the industrious communities supergroup (median age 42 years) and the highest population density (17.1 persons per hectare).

The proportion of persons of non-White ethnic group is generally higher than for the supergroup, whilst households are more likely to live in a terraced property (36.7% of all households) and to be privately renting.

Unemployment rates are below that for the supergroup, whilst for those in employment there was a marginally higher proportion of full-time workers and a higher proportion working in financial-related industries.

5c – Comfortable neighbourhoods

2,218 SOAs – 4.5% of UK population, population density 12.1, median age 43 years, unemployment 3.8%

The characteristics of this group are very similar to the parent supergroup. There is though a higher proportion of households who live in a flat (covering one-fifth of all households) and who live in socially-rented accommodation (covering one-fifth of all households). Educational qualifications are higher than for the supergroup and workers are more likely to use public transport to get to work and to work in financial-related industries.

5d – Endeavouring social renters

2,111 SOAs – 4.8% of UK population, population density 8.3, median age 41 years, unemployment 5.0%

The characteristics of this group are also very similar to the parent supergroup. There is though a higher proportion of households who live in a semi-detached property (covering nearly a half of all households) and who live in socially-rented accommodation (covering over a fifth of all households).

Unemployment is higher than for the supergroup and compared with the parent supergroup, workers are more likely to use public transport to get to work (though over three-quarters of workers in fact use private transport to get to work) and to work in the energy, water or air conditioning supply industries.

5e – Primary sector workers

1,320 SOAs – 2.9% of UK population, population density 6.7, median age 42 years, unemployment 4.3%

This group has the lowest population density of the five groups within the supergroup. There is a higher prevalence of households living in a detached property (a quarter of all households) and living in a flat than with the parent supergroup. Households are also more likely to live in socially-rented accommodation.

Workers are more likely to walk or cycle to work and to work in the agriculture, forestry and fishing industries, and the accommodation or food service activities industries.

6 – Inner city cosmopolitan

2,194 SOAs – 5.9% of UK population, population density 93.9, median age 32 years, unemployment 5.5%

The population of this supergroup is very localised in its distribution, concentrated in Inner London, but also parts of Outer London, Birmingham, Bristol, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Manchester and Reading, plus small numbers of SOAs in other cities and major towns.

Areas covered by this supergroup are characterised as having a very high population density (average 93.9 persons per hectare), but covering just 0.2% of the UK land area. Residents are far more likely to live in a flat than nationally (79.2% of all households) and to live in private or socially-rented accommodation. The supergroup has a noticeably high ethnic mix, and below average number of UK and Irish born residents. Residents are far more likely to be represented in the 25 to 44 years age group than nationally and the proportion of persons aged 16 years and over with higher qualifications is above the national average.

Unemployment rates are higher than the national average and for employed residents, they are more likely to work in the information and communication industries (over one-fifth of all workers) and financial-related industries than nationally. Workers are also far more likely to work full-time and to use public transport to travel to work (57.8% of all workers – by far the highest for any supergroup).

6a – Inner city cosmopolitan

2,194 SOAs – 5.9% of UK population, population density 93.9, median age 32 years, unemployment 5.5%

The group and parent group are the same in terms of SOA representation. The description for the inner city cosmopolitan supergroup therefore also applies for this group, which bears the same name as the parent supergroup.

7 – Multicultural living

3,888 SOAs – 10.7% of UK population, population density 46.8, median age 31 years, unemployment 7.0%

The population of this supergroup are represented in the larger urban areas in the UK, except for Northern Ireland. The distribution of SOAs for this supergroup is noticeably localised.

Residents are more likely to live in terraced housing or flats (70.7% of all households) and to rent either privately or through social housing (half of all households). The supergroup has a noticeably high ethnic mix and below-average number of UK and Irish born.

Residents are far more likely to be represented in the 0 to 4 years and 5 to 14 years age group than nationally. Qualification levels are similar to national levels.

Unemployment rates are higher than the national average and employed residents are more likely to work in the transport or storage industries, to work part-time and to use public transport to travel to work (just under one-third of all workers).

7a – Urban cultural mix

2,208 SOAs – 5.8% of UK population, population density 39.9, median age 32 years, unemployment 7.2%

This group has a higher proportion of persons who are White than with the parent group and higher proportion of persons born in the UK or Ireland. Households are more likely to live in a flat (over one-third of all households) and to live in socially-rented accommodation (one-third of all households).

Workers are more likely to work in the energy, water or air conditioning supply industries and human health and social work activities industries.

7b – Young ethnic communities

1,680 SOAs – 4.8% of UK population, population density 59.3, median age 30 years, unemployment 6.7%

The population of this group have the second-lowest median age (30 years) of all the 24 groups. There is a higher proportion of persons for most of the non-White ethnic groups than with the parent supergroup. Households are more likely to live in a detached property (though just 8.1% of households do so) and to live in privately-rented accommodation (over a quarter of all households).

Qualifications levels are generally higher than with the parent supergroup, whilst workers are more likely to work part-time (one-third do so) and to work in the accommodation or food service activities industries.

8 – Suburban living

7,294 SOAs – 16.3% of UK population, population density 10.8, median age 45 years, unemployment 2.5%

The population of this supergroup typically live largely in areas within or close proximity to larger urban areas across the UK.

Residents are much more likely to live in a detached property (46.5% of all households) and to own their own property (88.7% of all households). The supergroup has a below-average ethnic mix and a higher proportion of UK and Irish born residents than nationally. Residents are far more likely to be represented in older age groups than nationally and there is a relatively high median age of 45 years (compared with 39 years nationally). The proportion of persons aged 16 years and over with higher qualifications is above the national average, as is car ownership (nearly half of all households have two or more cars).

Unemployment rates are noticeably below the national average (at 2.5% the lowest for any supergroup) and for employed residents, they are more likely to work in financial-related industries,and to use private transport to travel to work (three-quarters of all workers used private transport – the highest percentage for any supergroup).

8a – Affluent communities

2,019 SOAs – 4.5% of UK population, population density 8.8, median age 47 years, unemployment 2.2%

This group has the joint-highest median age (47 years) of all the groups and a higher proportion of persons living in communal establishments than with the parent supergroup, and aged 90 years or over.

There is a higher proportion of all non-White ethnic groups compared with the parent supergroup. Households are more likely to live in a detached property (over half of all households), more likely to live in a flat and marginally more likely to own or have shared ownership of a property. Workers are more likely to use public transport to get to work (though only 9.0% do so) and to work in the information and communication or professional-related industries.

8b – Ageing suburbanites

2,968 SOAs – 6.6% of UK population, population density 12.0, median age 47 years, unemployment 2.5%

This group has the joint highest median age (47 years) of all the groups.

Compared with the parent supergroup, households are more likely to live in a semi-detached property (comprising a half of all households) and marginally more likely to own or have shared ownership of a property – this covers 89.9% of all households, the highest percentage for any of the 24 groups. Workers are marginally more likely to use private transport to get to work (and was the stated main method of transport for over three-quarters of all workers aged 16 to 74 years) and to work in the manufacturing industry.

8c – Comfortable suburbia

2,307 SOAs – 5.2% of UK population, population density 11.6, median age 40 years, unemployment 2.6%

This group has the lowest median age (40 years) of the three groups within the supergroup and a slightly higher proportion of persons in all the non-White ethnic groups than for the parent supergroup. Households are more likely to live in a terraced property (though only 16.9% of households do so) and to either privately rent or live in social rented accommodation, though the large majority of households either own outright or have shared ownership of their property. Workers are more likely to work in the transport or storage industries.

Radial plots (PDF, 4.1 MB)

Output Areas

For the 2011 Area Classification for Output Areas, pen portraits describe the characteristics of the different supergroup, group and subgroup clusters and the radial plots illustrate for each of these clusters the values for each of the final census variables, using a scale to represent the difference (either positive or negative) from the UK mean and parent supergroup or group (if applicable) for that variable.

Pen portraits for the 2011 Area Classification for Output Areas (332.4 kB PDF)

Radial plots (PDF, 21.6MB)

Update 15 April 2015

An error was found in the labelling of two census variables (numbered 32 and 33 in the supporting documentation) used in helping to define two subgroups. As a result, two subgroups have now been renamed:

• 4a1 is now Social renting young families (previously Private renting young families)

• 4a2 is now Private renting new arrivals (previously Social renting new arrivals)

All supporting material has been updated to reflect these changes, in particular this affects references to households privately renting and socially renting in the pen portraits.

We apologise for any inconvenience caused.