Cynnwys
- Main points
- Things you need to know about this release
- Labour productivity up for the fourth consecutive quarter
- Output per hour up in services and manufacturing
- Unit labour costs grow for the seventh consecutive quarter
- Links to related statistics
- What’s changed in this release?
- Quality and methodology
1. Main points
UK labour productivity, as measured by output per hour, is estimated to have grown by 0.4% from Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2016 to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2016; however, over a longer time-period, labour productivity growth has been lower on average than prior to the downturn.
Productivity grew in both the services and the manufacturing industries; services productivity grew by 0.8% on the previous quarter, while manufacturing productivity grew by 1.7% on the previous quarter.
Earnings and other labour costs growth outpaced productivity growth, resulting in unit labour cost (ULC) growth of 2.1% in the year to Quarter 4 2016.
This edition forms part of our quarterly productivity bulletin which also includes an overarching commentary, summaries of recently published estimates and new quarterly estimates of public service productivity.
Nôl i'r tabl cynnwys2. Things you need to know about this release
This release reports labour productivity estimates for Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec)12016 for the whole economy and a range of industries, together with estimates of unit labour costs. Productivity is important as it is generally considered a driver of long-run improvements in average living standards.
Labour productivity is calculated by dividing output by labour input. Output refers to gross value added (GVA), which is an estimate of the volume of goods and services produced by an industry, for the UK as a whole. Labour inputs in this release are measured in terms of workers, jobs (“productivity jobs”) and hours worked (“productivity hours”).
For the first time, experimental quarterly estimates of labour input for English regions and devolved nations are published in tables alongside this release. These will be published regularly each quarter in the tables accompanying the labour productivity bulletin.
This release also reports estimates of unit labour costs (ULCs), which capture the full labour costs – including social security and employers’ pension contributions – incurred in the production of a unit of economic output. Labour costs make up around two-thirds of the overall cost of production of UK economic output. Changes in labour costs are therefore a large factor in overall changes in the cost of production. If increases in labour costs are not reflected in the volume of output, this can put upwards pressure on the prices of goods and services – sometimes referred to as “inflationary pressure”. ULCs are therefore a closely watched indicator of inflationary pressure in the economy.
The equations for labour productivity and ULCs can be found in the Quality and methodology section.
The output statistics in this release are consistent with the latest Quarterly National Accounts published on 31 March 2017. Note that productivity in this release does not refer to gross domestic product (GDP) per person, which is a measure including people who are not in employment.
The labour input measures used in this release are consistent with the latest labour market statistics as described further in the Quality and methodology section of this bulletin. Measures of jobs and hours worked in this release are affected by revisions from data sources feeding into workforce jobs. These affect the industry splits of jobs and hours worked, as well as the whole-economy estimate for jobs. Unless otherwise stated all figures are seasonally adjusted.
Notes for: Things you need to know about this release
- Q1 refers to Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar), Q2 refers to Quarter 2 (Apr to June), Q3 refers to Quarter 3 (July to Sept), and Q4 refers to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec).
3. Labour productivity up for the fourth consecutive quarter
Productivity – as measured by output per hour – grew by 0.4% in Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2016. Productivity in Quarter 4 2016 was 1.1% higher than in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2008, immediately prior to the recent economic downturn.
Quarterly growth of 0.4% is below the 1994 to 2007 average – which even taken together with recent stronger quarters, provides little sign of an end to the UK's “productivity puzzle”. This term refers to the relative stagnation of labour productivity since the recent economic downturn. This is in contrast with patterns following previous UK economic downturns where productivity initially fell, but subsequently bounced back to the previous trend rate of growth. There is wide and varied economic debate regarding the causes of this puzzle, and further analysis of recent UK productivity trends can be found in the January 2016, May 2016 and June 2016 Economic Review, and also in several standalone articles including: What is the productivity puzzle?, The productivity conundrum, explanations and preliminary analysis, and The Productivity Conundrum, Interpreting the Recent Behaviour of the Economy.
This puzzle is shown in Figure 1, which presents two alternative measures of productivity – output per hour and output per worker – alongside their projected 1994 to 2007 trends. Following years of steady growth, each measure peaked in Quarter 4 2007 and fell during the economic downturn. However, due to a strong labour market performance accompanying a relatively weak recovery in output growth, productivity has not returned to the pre-downturn trend. Productivity in Quarter 4 2016, as measured by output per hour, stood 16% below its pre-downturn trend – or, equivalently, productivity would have been 19% higher had it followed this pre-downturn trend1.
Figure 1: Output per hour and output per worker, UK
Seasonally adjusted, Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 1994 to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2016
Source: Office for National Statistics
Notes:
- Q1 refers to Quarter 1 (January to March), Q2 refers to Quarter 2 (April to June), Q3 (July to September) and Q4 refers to Quarter 4 (October to December).
Download this chart Figure 1: Output per hour and output per worker, UK
Image .csv .xlsFigure 2 breaks down the growth in productivity between Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2008 and Quarter 4 2016 into contributions from different industry groupings, and an “allocation effect” due to changes in the share of output and labour in each grouping. All else equal, stronger (weaker) productivity growth in any given industry, or a movement of output and labour towards (away from) higher productivity industries will tend to raise (reduce) aggregate productivity growth. Non-financial services are the main positive contributor to productivity growth over the period, partly offset by negative contributions from non-manufacturing production and finance. The negative allocation effect – suggesting that output and labour have been moving away from higher to lower productivity industries in recent years – partly captures the falling share of output in mining and quarrying, which has among the highest levels of productivity of UK industry. Although negative for the period as a whole, the allocation effect was initially positive following the downturn, but turned negative in recent years.
Figure 2: Contributions to growth of whole economy output per hour
Seasonally adjusted, cumulative since Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2008, Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2016, UK
Source: Office for National Statistics
Notes:
- Non-manufacturing production refers to: 1) Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing, 2) Mining and Quarrying, 3) Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply, and 4) Water Supply, Sewerage, Waste Management and Remediation Activities.
Download this chart Figure 2: Contributions to growth of whole economy output per hour
Image .csv .xlsNotes for: Labour productivity up for the fourth consecutive quarter
- Differences between these two measures are due to differences in the denominator used in the calculation. Using the actual output per hour series as the denominator rather than the trend series results in a higher % gap. This is due to the actual series being lower than the trend series post-downturn.
4. Output per hour up in services and manufacturing
Both manufacturing and services output per hour increased in Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2016, each reflecting a rise in output and a fall in hours worked. Output per hour growth in manufacturing was almost twice as strong as services in Quarter 4 2016: manufacturing rose by 1.7% and services grew by 0.8%.
Figure 3 examines longer-term trends, showing output per hour and its components since Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2008. Services are represented in the first panel, while manufacturing is represented in the second. Manufacturing output per hour has been more volatile than services in recent years. This reflects a divergence of manufacturing gross value added (GVA) and hours, most pronounced in 2009 and 2011 to 2012, whereas GVA and hours for services follow fairly similar trends. However, in recent quarters services GVA grew faster than hours, potentially marking a break from this trend.
Figure 3: Components of manufacturing and services productivity measures
Seasonally adjusted, UK, Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2007 to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2016
Source: Office for National Statistics
Download this image Figure 3: Components of manufacturing and services productivity measures
.png (27.5 kB) .xls (21.0 kB)5. Unit labour costs grow for the seventh consecutive quarter
Unit labour costs (ULCs) reflect the full labour costs, including social security and employers’ pension contributions, incurred in the production of a unit of economic output. Changes in labour costs are a large factor in overall changes in the cost of production. If increased costs are not reflected in increased output, for instance, this can put upward pressure on the prices of goods and services – sometimes referred to as “inflationary pressure”. ULCs grew by 2.1% in the year to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2016, reflecting a larger percentage increase in labour costs per hour than output per hour.
Figure 4 shows changes in ULCs since Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2008 on a quarter on same quarter a year earlier basis. The bars represent the contribution to changes in ULCs from changes in labour costs per hour and changes in output per hour. Holding other factors constant, increasing output per hour reduces ULCs – as total labour costs remain constant while output rises. As a result, output per hour has its sign reversed in Figure 4. In this presentation, positive (negative) output per hour growth has a negative (positive) effect on ULC growth.
While growth in ULCs has been broadly positive since the period following the recent economic downturn, averaging around 1.5% since Quarter 1 2008, there has been substantial variation during this period. During the recent economic downturn, ULCs began to grow at a relative high rate, reaching a peak of 6.8% by the end of the downturn in Quarter 2 (Apr to June) 2009 and remaining elevated until Quarter 1 2010. Figure 4 shows that the initial increase in ULC growth during the downturn was driven by falling output per hour, but from Quarter 2 2009 onwards increasing labour costs per hour were the driving factor. Following the downturn, growth in ULCs began to slow, eventually becoming negative in Quarter 4 2010. Since then ULC growth has been either low or negative, reflecting both low growth in hourly labour costs and productivity. The most recent quarterly observations are at the higher end of the range observed since 2011 – and are notably stronger than 2 years earlier – but have been relatively stable. This increase broadly reflects higher hourly labour cost growth, with little offsetting output per hour growth.
Figure 4: Whole economy unit labour costs and their compositions, growth on quarter a year ago
Seasonally adjusted, UK, Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2008 to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2016
Source: Office for National Statistics
Notes:
-
- Labour costs per hour estimates will differ from those in the ONS bulletin Index of Labour Costs per Hour due to differences in methodology.
- Q1 refers to Quarter 1 (January to March), Q2 refers to Quarter 2 (April to June), Q3 (July to September) and Q4 refers to Quarter 4 (October to December).
Download this chart Figure 4: Whole economy unit labour costs and their compositions, growth on quarter a year ago
Image .csv .xls7. What’s changed in this release?
Revisions in this release are small and primarily come from regular and scheduled revisions to source data. Revisions from Quarterly National Accounts affect data from Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2016 onward. Revised seasonal factor estimates from Quarter 1 2015 onward for whole-economy hours affect both whole economy and industry hours estimates. Revisions to jobs estimates affect both hours and jobs at the industry level, with the effects concentrated in the most recent years.
Nôl i'r tabl cynnwys8. Quality and methodology
The measure of output used in these statistics is the chain volume (real) measure of gross value added (GVA) at basic prices, with the exception of the regional analysis in Table 9, where the output measure is nominal GVA (NGVA). These measures differ because NGVA is not adjusted to account for price changes; this means that if prices were to rise more quickly in one region than the others, then this would be reflected in apparent improved measured productivity performance in that region relative to the others.
Labour input measures used in this bulletin are known as “productivity jobs” and “productivity hours”. Productivity jobs differ from the Workforce Jobs (WFJ) estimates published in Table 6 of our labour market statistical bulletin, in three ways:
- to achieve consistency with the measurement of GVA, the employee component of productivity jobs is derived on a Reporting Unit (RU) basis, whereas the employee component of the WFJ estimates is on a Local Unit (LU) basis
- productivity jobs are scaled so industries sum to total Labour Force Survey (LFS) jobs – note that this constraint is applied in non-seasonally adjusted terms; the nature of the seasonal adjustment process means that the sum of seasonally adjusted productivity jobs and hours by industry can differ slightly from the seasonally adjusted LFS totals
- productivity jobs are calendar quarter average estimates whereas WFJ estimates are provided for the last month of each quarter
Productivity hours are derived by multiplying employee and self-employed jobs at an industry level (before seasonal adjustment) by average actual hours worked from the LFS at an industry level. Results are scaled so industries sum to total unadjusted LFS hours, and then seasonally adjusted. Labour productivity is then derived using growth rates for GVA and labour inputs in line with the following equation:
Industry estimates of average hours derived in this process differ from published estimates (found in Table HOUR03 in the labour market statistics release) as the HOUR03 estimates are calculated by allocating all hours worked to the industry of main employment, whereas the productivity hours system takes account of hours worked in first and second jobs by industry.
Whole-economy ULCs are calculated as the ratio of total labour costs (that is, the product of labour input and costs per unit of labour) to GVA. Further detail on the methodology can be found in revised methodology for unit wage costs and unit labour costs: explanation and impact. The equation for growth of ULCs can be calculated as:
Manufacturing unit wage costs are calculated as the ratio of manufacturing average weekly earnings to manufacturing output per filled job. On 28 November 2012 we published Productivity measures: sectional unit labour costs, describing new measures of ULCs below the whole-economy level, and proposing to replace the currently published series for manufacturing unit wage costs with a broader and more consistent measure of ULCs.
A research note, Sources of revisions to labour productivity estimates, is available on the archived version of our website, and further commentary on the nature and sources of the revisions introduced in this quarter is available in the UK Productivity Bulletin – Introduction.
The Labour Productivity Quality and Methodology Information document contains important information on:
- the strengths and limitations of the data and how it compares with related data
- uses and users of the data
- how the output was created
- the quality of the output including accuracy of the data
Manylion cyswllt ar gyfer y Bwletin ystadegol
Related publications
- Productivity flash estimate and overview, UK: July to September 2024 and April to June 2024
- Public service productivity: quarterly, UK, October to December 2019
- Exploring labour productivity in rural and urban areas in Great Britain: 2014
- International comparisons of UK productivity (ICP), final estimates: 2021
- Labour productivity measures from the Annual Business Survey: 2006 to 2015
- Multi-factor productivity estimates, UK: July to September 2019
- Introducing quarterly regional labour input metrics
- An initial assessment of regional management practices: 2015