Measuring UK greenhouse gas emissions

• UK greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) are reported on three bases: territorial, residence (or production) and footprint (or consumption). 

• Territorial emissions cover emissions that occur within the UK's borders and are used to track UK-wide progress towards international and domestic targets, such as net zero emissions by 2050. In 2023, total UK territorial emissions were estimated at 384 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO2e) - a 52% reduction since 1990. 

• Residence (production) emissions are aligned with the UK National Accounts, enabling emissions to be linked to economic sectors and activity in them. In 2023, total UK production emissions were estimated at 487 Mt CO2e – a 42% reduction since 1990.

• Footprint (consumption) emissions cover consumption of all goods and services by the UK, sometimes referred to as "carbon footprint". In 2021, the latest year for which footprint emissions were estimated to be 705Mt CO2e in 2021, the latest year for which estimates are available - a 36% reduction since 1990. 

• By comparison, territorial emissions were estimated to be 421Mt CO2e, and residence emissions 500Mt CO2e, in 2021.

• Emissions on all three measures have declined compared to 1990, with consumption emissions falling at a slower rate than both territorial and residence emissions

Territorial emissions 

Territorial emissions are used to inform progress on UK-wide emissions targets and are published by the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ). 

These estimates include emissions produced within the UK's geographical borders. They take into account emissions and removals from: 

• activities of businesses in the UK no matter where they are registered in the world; 

• the activities of people living in the UK as well as visitors from outside the UK; and 

• land in the UK, including forests and crop or grazing land. 

They currently exclude emissions or removals from: 

• international aviation and shipping; 

• UK residents and UK registered businesses abroad; and 

• production of goods and services the UK imports from other countries; 

• CO2 emissions of biogenic origin, for example, burning wood, straw, biogases, and poultry litter. This avoids double counting as these emissions are reported against the land use sector (as a change in carbon stock) of the territory in which the biomass is harvested 

Targets include net zero UK greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050, adopted by the UK Government in 2019 following a Climate Change Committee recommendation.

'Net zero' means that any GHG emissions would be the same as, or less, than those removed from the atmosphere, which can be achieved through a combination of reduction and removal of emissions. 

The UK has five-yearly carbon budget targets, with the most recently announced being the sixth Carbon Budget target to reduce emissions to 965 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent between 2033-2037. This means that emissions are required to be approximately 77% lower by 2035 compared with 1990 levels. 

These emissions estimates are used to monitor net-zero progress and other UK-wide targets. They are produced in line with international guidance from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) each year. 

Territorial emissions are designated as accredited official statistics and are published annually. These accredited official statistics were independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in April 2012. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the Code of Practice for Statistics.

The yearly publications cover: 

• Final UK estimates published each February. 

• Provisional UK estimates published each March, which provide an early indication of trends in emissions nearly a year ahead of the final statistics publication. 

• Devolved administration emissions statistics, published each June. 

• Local authority emissions statistics are published each June, allowing local authorities to e.g., monitor their progress against local targets.

Residence (production) emissions 

Residence-based emissions - sometimes referred to as production emissions - cover emissions by UK residents and UK-registered businesses, whether they happen in the UK or overseas. These are published by the Office for National Statistics. 

This means they include emissions from: 

• aviation and shipping from British operators/carriers 

• UK tourists abroad 

And they exclude: 

• foreign tourists in the UK 

• freight from foreign operators/carriers 

A key use of this measure is that it enables direct comparison of emissions by sector of UK industry and households with key economic indicators including Gross Value Added (GVA).

We publish these as part of the UK's Environmental Accounts, and are aligned with the national accounts due to being compiled in accordance with the UN System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA). Following this framework also enables international comparisons. 

Residence-based emissions are designated as Accredited Official Statistics and are published on a yearly basis. They are also reported to the OECD annually.  

The yearly publications cover: 

• Final estimates (usually published in the Summer), with breakdowns by industry using detailed Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 2007 codes. 

• Provisional estimates (usually published in the Autumn) by high-level SIC codes. 

• Experimental statistics on quarterly greenhouse gas emissions.  

This measure covers Scope 1 emissions, which means direct emissions from owned or directly controlled sources.

Footprint (consumption) emissions

Details of further measures of UK emissions focusing on consumption, known as the “carbon footprint”, are available in the UK and England's carbon footprint to 2020 report published by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra).

This accounts for all GHG emissions through the supply chain of goods and services consumed in the UK, wherever they are produced in the world. This includes emissions from UK imports of goods and services and excludes emissions arising from UK-produced goods that are exported.

This means that they include emissions from:

• aviation and shipping owned by UK companies, used by UK residents

• aviation and shipping owned by non-UK companies, used by UK residents

They exclude emissions from:

• land, land use and forestry

• aviation and shipping owned by UK companies, used by non-UK residents

• aviation and shipping owned by non-UK companies, used by non-UK residents

This measure helps to understand the UK’s global contribution to GHG emissions through UK consumption. For more information on the UK’s carbon footprint, see GOV.UK’s Emissions embedded in trade and impacts on climate change article.

Footprint (consumption) is the “widest” measure of UK emissions, including emissions embedded in imported materials and products. This means they will not be affected by “carbon leakage” where overseas production for UK consumption is not captured in the territorial emissions measure, for example.

Footprint emissions are classified as official statistics. They are published on a yearly basis with a three-year lag. Estimates for 2020 were published in 2023. This measure covers Scopes 1, 2 and 3. See Section 4: Glossary for more details about Scopes 1, 2 and 3. 

Points to note:

• The emissions relating to overseas production of imports to the UK/England, often referred to as emissions that are ‘embedded’ in imports, are not as easily measured as emissions generated within the UK borders.

Territorial emissions were 421 Mt CO2e, residence emissions were 500 Mt CO2 and footprint emissions were 705 Mt CO2e in 2021, the latest year for which all three measures are available.

All three emission measures have declined compared to 1990, the first year for which data are available. Estimates of UK greenhouse gas emissions on a footprint (consumption) basis have fallen more slowly than estimates on the other bases. The larger reduction in territorial emissions may be due to the UK economy moving from a manufacturing base to a service base with a greater dependence upon imports and their associated embedded emissions. 

Provisional estimates available for residence and territorial emissions show that post-pandemic there has been an increase in emissions since their low point in 2020, but both continue to be below pre-pandemic levels. In 2023, provisional estimates show that territorial emissions were 384 Mt CO2e – a drop of roughly 53% since 1990. Provisional estimates for the same year show that residence emissions were 487 Mt CO2e – a drop of roughly 42% since 1990.

Global warming potential

Global warming potential (GWP) is an emission metric used to quantify the contributions of different greenhouse gases (GHG) to climate change. All three greenhouse gas estimates are reported with a GWP of AR5, aligned with the latest agreed international reporting practice under the Paris Agreement transparency framework.

The AR5 reporting standard comes from the Fifth Assessment Report from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It summarises the latest scientific knowledge on climate change, including the latest information on GHG and their impact on the environment. The GWPs used are from table 8.A.1 (without climate-carbon feedback) of the Working Group 1 of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2013.

Scopes 1, 2 and 3

• Scope 1: direct emissions from owned or directly controlled sources.
• Scope 2: indirect emissions from the generation of purchased energy.
• Scope 3: all other indirect emissions that occur in producing and transporting goods and services, including the full supply chain.