Business demography, quarterly, UK: October to December 2023

• The number of businesses added to the Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR) (business creations) in the UK in Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2023 was 2.6% higher than in Quarter 4 2022.
• There was an increase in creations in 14 out of 16 main industrial groups in Quarter 4 2023 compared with Quarter 4 2022, with the most significant increase coming from the accommodation and food service industries.
• The number of businesses removed from the IDBR (business closures) in the UK in Quarter 4 2023 was 9.8% lower than in Quarter 4 2022.
• There was a decrease in the number of closures in 11 out of 16 main industrial groups in Quarter 4 2023 compared with Quarter 4 2022; the most significant decrease came from professional, scientific and technical activities.

• Data in this release are official statistics in development; our annual Business demography bulletin remains the best source of information on business demography.

Business creations are new enterprise entries in the Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR). These are referred to as business births in our annual Business demography, UK bulletins and other data. For more information, see Section 6: Measuring the data, and Section 5: Glossary of this bulletin.

The number of IDBR business creations in the UK in Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2023 was 71,795. This figure is 2.6% higher than the number of business creations in Quarter 4 2022.

The number of business creations increased in 14 out of 16 main industrial groups during this quarter compared with Quarter 4 2022. The most significant increase came in the accommodation and food service industries, where business creations were up by 22%. Within accommodation and food service industries, take-away food shops and mobile food stands showed the biggest increase.

Business closures are those removed from the Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR). A business is removed from the IDBR if its turnover and employment are zero for several periods, or if the Office for National Statistics (ONS) is notified that the business has ceased trading through an administrative or survey source.

The number of business closures in the UK in Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2023 was 75,025.

This is 9.8% lower than in Quarter 4 2022, with 11 out of 16 main industrial groups showing a decrease in closures. The most significant decrease in closures came in the professional, scientific and technical activities industry (down 24%). Within professional, scientific and technical activities, management consultancy activities other than financial management showed the most significant fall.

Business

For this release, the term "business" is used to represent an enterprise. An enterprise is an organisational unit producing goods or services that has a certain degree of autonomy in decision making.

Business creations

Often referred to as business births, we refer to enterprises added to the Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR) as business creations in this release. Enterprises are added to the IDBR when a new business is identified from administrative sources (usually the Value Added Tax (VAT) or Pay As You Earn (PAYE) systems).

Business closures

Business closures are removals from the IDBR. A business is removed from the IDBR if its turnover and employment are zero for several periods, or the Office for National Statistics (ONS) is notified that the business has ceased trading. These are referred to as business deaths in our annual Business demography, UK bulletins and other data.

The Inter-Departmental Business Register

A database of all businesses in the UK registered for Value Added Tax (VAT) or the Pay As You Earn (PAYE) income tax system (usually businesses on the Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR) are registered for both). There are approximately 2.7 million businesses on the IDBR. The IDBR is the register of UK businesses used as a sampling frame for the Office for National Statistics (ONS) business surveys.

Turnover and employment data

The turnover data on the IDBR are mostly derived from VAT or the ONS business survey records. Employment data on the IDBR are derived from PAYE or ONS business survey records. In some cases, values are imputed from administrative data. The turnover data are updated annually, every September, from available data. Employment data are updated more frequently for some businesses but at least annually for all businesses.

The turnover and employment data for business closures are the stored values at the last update while the business was active on the IDBR. Often this is the last annual update. These figures are not adjusted for inflation, so the average turnover would be expected to rise slowly over time in line with inflation.

For business creations, the value for turnover is usually that estimated by the business upon registration with HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) for VAT. The employment value is the number of registered employees on their PAYE scheme if they have one, and it is imputed if they do not. This value is revised on the IDBR when more up-to-date data are received, but it is not revised in these statistics.

Data on turnover and employment on the IDBR should not be used to measure economic growth or the growth of the labour market. Other ONS sources should be used for this. Data points are generally current for larger businesses, but less current for smaller businesses.

Official statistics in development

Until September 2023, "official statistics in development" were called "experimental statistics". Further information can be found on the Office for Statistics Regulation website.

Official statistics in development are official statistics that are in the testing phase and not yet fully developed. Users should be aware that official statistics in development will potentially have a wider degree of uncertainty.

Previously, this release was called Business demography, quarterly experimental statistics, UK. The release is now called Business demography, quarterly, UK.

Please note that in this bulletin, we have used the term "most significant" to mean changes that have been identified by weighting percentage movements of business creations and closures by the absolute difference in the change and ordering them by industry.

Since our Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2022 bulletin, businesses that do not have either Value Added Tax (VAT) or Pay As You Earn (PAYE), but do have a live company number, have been removed from the figures. They have been removed because they can misrepresent business creation and closure figures.

We create these enterprises on the Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR) to monitor them, usually because they help to give the full picture on the enterprise group. Often, these businesses do not have employment or turnover figures, but have some role in the enterprise group, such as the parent of the enterprise group. Most of our business surveys exclude these cases, and they are now also excluded from both annual and quarterly business demography results.

Additional geographical breakdowns

From our Quarter 4 2021 bulletin, additional geographical breakdowns of business creations and closures have been made available to meet user needs. An unspecified geography category has also been introduced to deal with the distorting effect of multiple registrations at the same site. These apply where there are over 250 creations or closures at the same postcode. Any creations or closures that happen at one of these postcodes are taken out of their geography and placed into the unspecified category. These cases still count towards the UK totals. The figures are provided in the data workbook published as part of this statistical release.

Time of recording

Business creations and closures in these data are based on the date on which the action occurs on the IDBR. Data for this release are extracted from the IDBR quarterly.

The date a business is added to the IDBR is generally on the same day, or within a few days, of the legal creation of the business as a company with Companies House. However, this can be several weeks after the effective birth of the business.

For business closures, the registration process can take a little longer because the death of a business may be long and complex. The effective death of a business may occur several months before its actual death from a legal perspective. A business is removed from the IDBR if information from HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC), Office for National Statistics (ONS) business surveys, or Companies House indicates it is no longer active. The ONS proves deaths by contacting businesses if necessary.

Frequency of data

The IDBR is updated from four main sources:

• VAT
• PAYE
• ONS business surveys
• Companies House

The updates occur in various frequencies from daily to annual. A shorter time period analysis of business creations and closures would be very volatile because the PAYE update is quarterly. As such, this source is best suited to quarterly publications.

Timeliness

In line with international guidance from Eurostat and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), our annual Business demography, UK bulletins are published a year after the reference period to allow for reactivations before deaths figures are calculated. We have published these quarterly data to provide a timelier indicator of business creations and closures to support understanding of the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on the UK economy. However, these data will not be entirely consistent with our annual bulletin, and that remains the superior measure of business demography.

Comparison with the deaths figures produced for the 2021 annual demography figures, published by the ONS on 17 November 2022, showed that the quarterly figures were overestimating deaths because of reactivations. Reactivations arise as later information on business turnover or employment is received.

From our Quarter 4 2022 bulletin, we have introduced a method to take account of reactivations in business deaths. A similar, but smaller, issue occurs with births, when false births are removed by later IDBR processes. Using revised datasets taken a year after the original data were extracted from the IDBR, we have calculated an average reduction percentage to create more accurate early estimates. For this release we have applied a 10.2% reduction to business closures and a 2.1% reduction to business creations for Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) to Quarter 4 2023.

It is standard practice to revise the births and deaths figures from the same quarter a year ago, recalculate the adjustments for false births and for reactivated deaths, and make revisions from that quarter onward.

More detail about the IDBR and our annual official statistics on business demography is available in our Business demography Quality and Methodology Information (QMI).