Business demography, quarterly, UK: April to June 2026

• The number of businesses added (business creations) to the Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR) in the UK in Quarter 2 (Apr to June) 2026 was 79,325, a 2.2% increase from Quarter 2 2025.

• There were increases in business creations in 9 out of 16 main industrial groups in Quarter 2 2026 compared with Quarter 2 2025; the most significant increase came from the business administration and support services industry.

• The number of businesses removed (business closures) from the IDBR in the UK in Quarter 2 2026 was 76,840, a 2.0% increase compared with Quarter 2 2025.

• There was an increase in the number of business closures in 11 out of 16 main industrial groups in Quarter 2 2026 compared with Quarter 2 2025; the most significant increase came from the agriculture, forestry and fishing industry.

Business creations are new enterprise entries in the Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR). These are referred to as business births in our Business demography, UK: 2024 bulletin and other data. For more information, see Section 6: Data sources and quality and Section 5: Glossary.

The number of business creations in the UK in Quarter 2 (Apr to June) 2026 was 79,325, a 2.2% increase compared with Quarter 2 2025.

The number of business creations increased in 9 out of 16 main industrial groups in Quarter 2 2026 compared with Quarter 2 2025. The most significant increase in business creations came from the business administration and support services industry (up 12.3%).

Business closures are those removed from the Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR). A business is removed from the IDBR if its turnover and employment are zero for several periods, or if we are notified that the business has ceased trading through an administrative or survey source.

There were 76,840 business closures in the UK in Quarter 2 (Apr to June) 2026, a 2.0% increase compared with Quarter 2 2025. There was an increase in closures in 11 out of 16 main industrial groups. The most significant increase in closures came from the agriculture, forestry and fishing industry (up 28.4%).

Business

For this release, the term "business" is used to represent an enterprise. An enterprise is an organisational unit producing goods or services that has a certain degree of autonomy in decision-making.

Business creations

Often referred to as "business births", we refer to enterprises added to the Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR) as business creations in this release. Enterprises are added to the IDBR when a new business is identified from administrative sources. These are usually the Value Added Tax (VAT) or Pay As You Earn (PAYE) systems.

Business closures

Business closures are removals from the IDBR. These are referred to as business deaths in our Business demography, UK: 2024 bulletin, and other data.

A business is removed from the IDBR if its turnover and employment are zero for several periods, or we are notified that the business has ceased trading.

Inter-Departmental Business Register

A database of all businesses in the UK registered for VAT and/or the PAYE Income Tax system. There are approximately 2.7 million businesses on the IDBR. The IDBR is used as a sampling frame for the Office for National Statistics (ONS) business surveys.

Official statistics in development

These statistics are labelled as "official statistics in development". They are based on information from the Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR), Value Added Tax (VAT), Pay As You Earn (PAYE), the Office for National Statistics (ONS) business surveys, and Companies House. We are developing how we collect the data and produce statistics to improve their quality. Once we have completed the developments, we will review the statistics with the Statistics Head of Profession. If the statistics meet trustworthiness, quality, and value standards based on user feedback, we will remove the "official statistics in development" label to publish under the "official statistics" label.

If they do not meet trustworthiness, quality, and value standards, we will further develop them and might stop producing them.

If they were "accredited official statistics" before the start of the developments, we will ask the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR) to reassess and re-accredit them.

We will inform users of the outcome of our, and any OSR, review and any changes.

Revisions and quality improvements

This bulletin was previously titled Business demography, quarterly experimental statistics, UK. In this bulletin, the term "most significant" refers to changes that have been identified by weighting percentage movements of business creations and closures by the absolute difference in the change and ordering them by industry.

Businesses with a live company number but no VAT or PAYE registration have been excluded from these statistics since our Business demography, quarterly experimental statistics, UK: October to December 2022 bulletin. They are often created on the IDBR for monitoring purposes within enterprise groups, but typically have no employment or turnover, which can distort business creation and closure figures.

In our Business demography, quarterly, UK: July to September 2024 bulletin, birth figures from Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2023 to Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2024 were revised to include births of non-representative members of VAT groups, which were previously omitted from the administrative data source. This revision added approximately 2,400 business births across the seven quarters.

In our Business demography, quarterly, UK: October to December 2024 bulletin, the industrial classifications of these businesses were improved, resulting in many being reclassified from the finance sector to their correct industries.

Agriculture industry revisions in Quarter 1 2026 release

In Quarter 1 2024, business deaths in agriculture for England were revised from Quarter 1 2017 to exclude agricultural businesses that are not registered for either VAT or PAYE. They were removed because they can have a distorting effect on business creation and closure figures. Further unregistered agricultural businesses were removed from agriculture business closure counts in our Business demography, quarterly, UK: January to March 2026 bulletin. This led to downward revisions for Quarter 1 2023 to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2025.

Turnover and employment data

Turnover data on the IDBR are mainly derived from VAT or ONS business survey records. Employment data are mainly derived from PAYE or ONS business survey records. Some values are imputed from administrative data. Turnover is updated annually, usually every September, while employment is updated annually and more frequently for some businesses.

Turnover and employment data for business closures are the stored values from the last update while the business was active. Turnover for creations is usually estimated by the business when registering for VAT, and employment is based on registered PAYE employees, or imputed where needed. These values can be revised on the IDBR when newer information is received, but they are not revised in these statistics.

IDBR turnover and employment data should not be used to measure economic growth or labour market growth; other ONS sources should be used for these purposes. Data are generally more current for larger businesses than for smaller businesses.

Additional geographical breakdowns

Additional geographical breakdowns of business creations and closures from Quarter 4 2021 have been published. An "unspecified" geography category is used where there are more than 250 creations or closures at the same postcode, to reduce distortion from multiple registrations at one site. These cases are removed from their local geography but still count towards UK totals.

Time of recording

Business creations and closures are recorded according to the date the action occurs on the IDBR, and data for this release are extracted quarterly. A business is usually added to the IDBR on the same day as, or shortly after, its legal creation at Companies House, although this can be several weeks after the effective birth of the business.

Closures can take longer to record because business deaths may be complex. The effective death may occur several months before the legal death. A business is removed from the IDBR when information from HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC), ONS business surveys or Companies House indicates that it is no longer active; deaths may be confirmed by contacting businesses.

Frequency of data

The IDBR is updated from four main sources:

• VAT

• PAYE

• ONS business surveys

• Companies House

Updates occur at different frequencies, from daily to annual. Shorter time-period analysis of creations and closures would be volatile because the PAYE update is quarterly, so the data are best suited to quarterly publication.

Timeliness

Our annual Business demography, UK bulletins are published a year after the reference period, in line with Eurostat and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidance, to allow for reactivations before deaths figures are calculated. These quarterly data provide a timelier indicator of business creations and closures, but they are not fully consistent with the annual bulletin, which remains the preferred measure of business demography.

Adjustments have been made for reactivated deaths and, to a lesser extent, false births later removed by IDBR processes since our Business demography, quarterly, UK: October to December 2022 bulletin. A 10.8% reduction has been applied to business closures and a 3.4% reduction to business creations for Quarter 3 2025 to Quarter 2 (Apr to June) 2026 in this release.

It is standard practice to revise births and deaths from the same quarter a year earlier, recalculate adjustments for false births and reactivated deaths, and revise figures from that quarter onwards.

More information on the IDBR and annual official statistics on business demography is available in our Business demography quality and methodology information (QMI).