Average weekly earnings in Great Britain: May 2022

Estimates of growth in earnings for employees before tax and other deductions from pay.

Nid hwn yw'r datganiad diweddaraf. Gweld y datganiad diweddaraf

This is an accredited National Statistic. Click for information about types of official statistics.

Cyswllt:
Email Nicola White

Dyddiad y datganiad:
17 May 2022

Cyhoeddiad nesaf:
14 June 2022

1. Other pages in this release

Other commentary from the latest labour market data can be found on these pages:

Nôl i'r tabl cynnwys

2. Main points for January to March 2022

  • Growth in average total pay (including bonuses) was 7.0%, and growth in regular pay (excluding bonuses) was 4.2% among employees in January to March 2022.

  • Average total pay growth for the private sector was 8.2% in January to March 2022, and for the public sector was 1.6% in the same time period; the finance and business services sector showed the largest growth rate (10.7%), partly because of strong bonus payments.

  • In real terms (adjusted for inflation) in January to March 2022, growth in total pay was 1.4% and regular pay fell on the year at negative 1.2%.

  • Strong bonus payments have kept real total pay growth positive, and real regular pay growth last fell on the year to more than negative 1.2% in September to November 2013.

  • Previous months' strong growth rates were affected upwards by base and compositional effects; these initial temporary factors have worked their way out, but we are now comparing the latest period with a period where certain sectors had increasing numbers of employees on furlough as a result of the winter 2020 to 2021 lockdown, so a small amount of base effect will be present for these sectors but not to the degree we saw when comparing with periods at the start of the coronavirus pandemic.

!

The estimates in this bulletin come from a survey of businesses. It is not possible to survey every business each month, so these statistics are estimates based on a sample, not precise figures. Estimates are based on all employees on company payrolls, including those who have been furloughed under the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (CJRS).

Nôl i'r tabl cynnwys

3. Analysis of average weekly earnings

Average weekly earnings were estimated at £615 for total pay, and £558 for regular pay in March 2022. Figure 1 shows that average weekly earnings have steadily increased, with the exception of the early months of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

The rate of annual pay growth for total pay was 7.0%, and the annual pay growth for regular pay was 4.2% in January to March 2022. High bonus payments, combined with increasing regular pay, meant total pay growth was very strong. The total pay growth rate is amongst the record growth rates we saw in mid-2021 but the 2021 growth rates were strongly affected by base effects.

Bonus payments in March 2022 were strong and we have seen this pattern since August 2021. The largest bonus payments are in the finance and business services sector, but are high across several sectors for March 2022. Bonus payments in March 2021 were slightly down, so boosting the bonus growth rate seen between March 2021 and March 2022, with March 2022 already being high.

Previous months' strong growth rates were affected upwards by base and compositional effects. These initial temporary factors have worked their way out. However, we are comparing the latest period with a period where certain sectors (accommodation and food service activities, wholesale and retail, and construction) had increasing numbers of employees on furlough as a result of the winter 2020 to 2021 lockdown. A small amount of base effect will be present for these sectors but not to the degree we saw when comparing with periods at the start of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

Average total pay growth for the private sector was 8.2% in January to March 2022, while for the public sector it was 1.6% (Figure 3). The private sector total pay growth rate is amongst the record growth rates we saw in mid-2021 but the 2021 growth rates were strongly affected by base effects. Public sector total pay growth was last lower than 1.6% in June to August 2017 when it was 1.5%. The difference in total pay growth where the private sector is higher than the public sector is among the largest we have seen, the previous time being mid-2021 but this was when the data were being strongly affected by base effect. This is driven by stronger regular pay growth and higher bonus payments in the private sector.

In real terms (adjusted for inflation), in January to March 2022, growth in total pay was 1.4% and regular pay fell on the year at negative 1.2%. Strong bonus payments since August 2021 have kept real total pay growth positive. Real regular pay growth last fell on the year to more than negative 1.2% in September to November 2013.

The increasing difference between nominal and real growth rates in recent months is because of increasing consumer price inflation (including owner occupiers' housing costs, CPIH). For the three months of January to March 2022, CPIH was an average of 5.5%. Figure 4 shows a comparison of monthly real total, regular pay growth rates, and monthly inflation.

The bulletin Earnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK: May 2022 also provides additional insights of the estimate of growth in median and mean pay, and the two data sources generally trend well for mean total pay. A more timely estimate of median is also provided, although subject to revisions.

Sector and industry

In January to March 2022, the finance and business services sector had the largest growth rate (10.7%), partly because of strong bonus payments (Figure 5). Wholesaling, retailing, hotels and restaurants saw a growth rate of 8.5% in January to March 2022. This sector includes the industry accommodation and food, which had the highest proportion of employees on furlough during January to March 2021. Therefore, the growth rate of 15.1% for accommodation and food will be affected by base effect.

Interpreting average earnings - base and compositional effects

Interpreting average earnings data over the last year has been difficult. In July 2021, we published a blog post: How COVID-19 has impacted the Average Weekly Earnings data, which explains the complexities of interpreting these data. There were temporary factors that we refer to as base and compositional effects.

The base effect refers to comparing two periods with different circumstances. Throughout the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic we have had differing scenarios that have affected the base effect.

Initially the base period was not affected by furlough, but the most recent period it was compared with was affected by furlough. This resulted in some periods of negative pay growth. For the latest period, this covered the months April 2020 to March 2021.

Both periods were affected by furlough but by differing amounts. Because of this, the latest periods were compared with the very low base periods between April and August 2020. This was when earnings were mostly affected by the coronavirus pandemic and pay growth rates were negative, which resulted in inflated pay growth. This has now worked its way out. For the latest period, this covered the months April 2021 to September 2021.

Now we are seeing a period where the base was affected by furlough, but the most recent period was not. Average weekly earnings for January to March 2021 included around 4.6 million people on furlough, compared with none in January to March 2022, as the scheme finished at the end of September 2021. Therefore, those sectors most affected by furlough in January to March 2021 (accommodation and food service activities, wholesale and retail, and construction) will include a small amount of base effect, but not to the degree we saw when comparing with periods at the start of the coronavirus pandemic.

The composition effect is where pay growth has been affected by a changing composition of employee jobs, which during the coronavirus pandemic had increased average pay. It needs to be considered when interpreting average pay growth, as explained in the Measuring the data section. The latest data show that the composition effect is now at more normal levels and we are no longer observing the excessive levels we saw during periods of the coronavirus pandemic in 2020 and 2021. We recently published an article looking at How furlough and changes in the employee workforce have affected earnings growth during the conronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, UK, 2020 to 2021, which  looks in more detail on the impact of compositional effects on wage growth.

Nôl i'r tabl cynnwys

4. Average weekly earnings data

Average weekly earnings
Dataset EARN01 | Released 17 May 2022
Headline estimates of earnings growth in Great Britain (seasonally adjusted).

Average weekly earnings by sector
Dataset EARN02 | Released 17 May 2022
Estimates of earnings in Great Britain broken down to show the effects of changes in wages and the effects of changes in the composition of employment (not seasonally adjusted).

Average weekly earnings by industry
Dataset EARN03 | Released 17 May 2022
Estimates of earnings in Great Britain broken down by detailed industrial sector (not seasonally adjusted).

Nôl i'r tabl cynnwys

5. Glossary

Average Weekly Earnings (AWE)

Average Weekly Earnings (AWE) is the lead monthly measure of average weekly earnings per employee. It is calculated using information based on the Monthly Wages and Salaries Survey (MWSS), which samples around 9,000 employers in Great Britain.

The estimates are not just a measure of pay rises. They do not, for example, adjust for changes in the proportion of the workforce who work full time or part time, or other compositional changes within the workforce. The estimates do not include earnings of self-employed people.

Estimates are available for both total pay (which includes bonus payments) and regular pay (which excludes bonus payments). Estimates are available in both nominal terms (not adjusted for inflation) and real terms (adjusted for inflation).

Estimates of pay growth are also published using HM Revenue and Customs' (HMRC) data in the bulletin titled Earnings and employment from Pay As You Earn Real Time Information, UK: March 2022.

The HMRC estimates are presented in median pay-terms, but they also include mean pay, as does AWE. There are some differences between the sources, most notably that the HMRC estimates include any redundancy payments that are made through payroll. Further detail is provided in our methodology titled Comparison of labour market sources, published 11 December 2020.

Bonus

A bonus is a form of reward or recognition granted by an employer. When an employee receives a bonus payment, there is no expectation or assumption that the bonus will be used to cover any specific expense. The value and timing of a bonus payment can be at the discretion of the employer or stipulated in workplace agreements.

Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs

As of 21 March 2017, the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) became our lead measure of inflation. It is our most comprehensive measure of UK consumer price inflation.

Monthly Wages and Salaries Survey

The Monthly Wages and Salaries Survey (MWSS) is a survey through which we collect information on wages and salaries. It is distributed monthly to around 9,000 employers, covering around 12.8 million employees.

A more detailed glossary is available.

Nôl i'r tabl cynnwys

6. Measuring the data

The survey response rate was 77%; this was slightly lower than the 83% target in the months prior to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

Real earnings

The real Average Weekly Earnings (AWE) is calculated as the non-seasonally adjusted AWE (shown in Table EARN02) divided by the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH), our preferred measure of consumer price inflation (series identifier L522). The ratio is then referenced as an index with 2015 equals 100, and seasonally adjusted.

Compositional effect

Following the initial impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the change in pay growth was heavily affected by a changing composition of employee jobs, where we saw a fall in the number and proportion of lower-paid employee jobs. This changing composition naturally increased average pay and should be kept in mind when interpreting average pay growth. Changes in the profile of employee jobs in the economy will affect average pay growth. A decrease in employee numbers in jobs that have lower pay can have an upward effect on average pay, and the other way around.

When looking at the compositional effect following the initial impact of the coronavirus pandemic, from the end of 2020 to mid-2021, we can consider the compositional effects from three angles.

These three compositional analyses are not mutually exclusive and do not necessarily consider all the compositional effects that have an impact on average pay. We recently published an article looking at How furlough and changes in the employee workforce have affected earnings growth during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, UK, 2020 to 2021 which looks in more detail on the impact of compositional effects on wage growth.

More information on the compositional effect on the data is available in the April 2021 edition of this release.

Sampling variability for average weekly earnings single month growth rates in percentage points is also available in the April 2021 edition of this release.

For more information on how labour market data sources are affected by the coronavirus pandemic, see our article titled Coronavirus and the effects on UK labour market statistics, published 6 May 2020. This article details some of the challenges that we have faced in producing estimates at this time.

You can also view our methodology titled Comparison of labour market data sources, published 11 December 2020, which discusses some of the main differences between our data sources.

More information on measuring the data is available in the April 2021 edition of this release.

Making our published spreadsheets accessible

Following the Government Statistical Service (GSS) guidance on releasing statistics in spreadsheets, we will be amending our published tables over the coming months to improve usability, accessibility and machine readability of our published statistics. To help users change to the new formats we will be publishing sample versions of a selection of our tables, and where practical, initially publish the tables in both the new and current formats. If you have any questions or comments, please email labour.market@ons.gov.uk.

Nôl i'r tabl cynnwys

Manylion cyswllt ar gyfer y Bwletin ystadegol

Nicola White
labour.market@ons.gov.uk
Ffôn: +44 1633 456120